The Leading Guide To Process Safety Now Extensively Updated For Today’s Processes And Systems   As chemical processes have grown more complex, so have the safety systems required to prevent accidents. Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition, offers students and practitioners a more fundamental understanding of safety and the application required to safely design and manage today’s sophisticated processes. The third edition continues the definitive standard of the previous editions. The content has been extensively updated to today’s techniques and procedures, and two new chapters have been added. A new chapter on chemical reactivity provides the information necessary to identify, characterize, control, and manage reactive chemical hazards. A new chapter on safety procedures and designs includes new content on safely management, and specific procedures including hot work permits, lock-tag-try, and vessel entry.   Subjects Include Inherently safer design Toxicology and industrial hygiene Toxic release and dispersion models Fires and explosions, and how to prevent them Reliefs and relief sizing Hazard identification Risk assessment Safe designs and procedures Case histories   Chemical Process Safety, Third Edition, is an ideal reference for professionals. It can be used for both graduate and undergraduate instruction. This edition contains more than 480 end-of-chapter problems. A solutions manual is available for instructors.

Table of Contents:
Preface         xv About the Authors         xvii On the Cover         xviii Nomenclature         xix Chapter 1: Introduction          1 1-1 Safety Programs   2 1-2 Engineering Ethics   4 1-3 Accident and Loss Statistics   4 1-4 Acceptable Risk   12 1-5 Public Perceptions   14 1-6 The Nature of the Accident Process   15 1-7 Inherent Safety   20 1-8 Seven Significant Disasters   23 Suggested Reading   31 Problems   32   Chapter 2: Toxicology         37 2-1 How Toxicants Enter Biological Organisms   38 2-2 How Toxicants Are Eliminated from Biological Organisms   41 2-3 Effects of Toxicants on Biological Organisms   42 2-4 Toxicological Studies   43 2-5 Dose versus Response   44 2-6 Models for Dose and Response Curves   50 2-7 Relative Toxicity   56 2-8 Threshold Limit Values   56 2-9 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Diamond   58 On-Line Resources   59 Suggested Reading   60 Problems   60   Chapter 3: Industrial Hygiene         65 3-1 Government Regulations   66 3-2 Industrial Hygiene: Anticipation and Identification   78 3-3 Industrial Hygiene: Evaluation   84 3-4 Industrial Hygiene: Control   99 On-Line Resources   109 Suggested Reading   109 Problems   110   Chapter 4: Source Models         119 4-1 Introduction to Source Models   119 4-2 Flow of Liquid through a Hole   122 4-3 Flow of Liquid through a Hole in a Tank   126 4-4 Flow of Liquids through Pipes   131 4-5 Flow of Gases or Vapors through Holes   140 4-6 Flow of Gases or Vapors through Pipes   146 4-7 Flashing Liquids   163 4-8 Liquid Pool Evaporation or Boiling   169 4-9 Realistic and Worst-Case Releases   170 4-10 Conservative Analysis   172 Suggested Reading   173 Problems   174   Chapter 5: Toxic Release and Dispersion Models         185 5-1 Parameters Affecting Dispersion   186 5-2 Neutrally Buoyant Dispersion Models   190 5-3 Dense Gas Dispersion   209 5-4 Dense Gas Transition to Neutrally Buoyant Gas   219 5-5 Toxic Effect Criteria   225 5-6 Effect of Release Momentum and Buoyancy   233 5-7 Release Mitigation   234 Suggested Reading   235 Problems   236   Chapter 6: Fires and Explosions         245 6-1 The Fire Triangle   245 6-2 Distinction between Fires and Explosions   247 6-3 Definitions   247 6-4 Flammability Characteristics of Liquids and Vapors   249 6-5 Limiting Oxygen Concentration and Inerting   260 6-6 Flammability Diagram   262 6-7 Ignition Energy   270 6-8 Autoignition   270 6-9 Auto-Oxidation   271 6-10 Adiabatic Compression   272 6-11 Ignition Sources   273 6-12 Sprays and Mists   274 6-13 Explosions   275 Suggested Reading   304 Problems   305   Chapter 7: Concepts to Prevent Fires and Explosions         317 7-1 Inerting   318 7-2 Static Electricity   333 7-3 Controlling Static Electricity   356 7-4 Explosion-Proof Equipment and Instruments   363 7-5 Ventilation   367 7-6 Sprinkler Systems   370 7-7 Miscellaneous Concepts for Preventing Fires and Explosions   374 Suggested Reading   374 Problems   375   Chapter 8: Chemical Reactivity         381 8-1 Background Understanding   382 8-2 Commitment,Awareness, and Identification of Reactive Chemical Hazards   384 8-3 Characterization of Reactive Chemical Hazards Using Calorimeters   390 8-4 Controlling Reactive Hazards   416 Suggested Reading   418 Problems   418   Chapter 9: Introduction to Reliefs         429 9-1 Relief Concepts   430 9-2 Definitions   432 9-3 Location of Reliefs   433 9-4 Relief Types and Characteristics   436 9-5 Relief Scenarios   443 9-6 Data for Sizing Reliefs   444 9-7 Relief Systems   444 Suggested Reading   452 Problems   453   Chapter 10: Relief Sizing         459 10-1 Conventional Spring-Operated Reliefs in Liquid Service   460 10-2 Conventional Spring-Operated Reliefs in Vapor or Gas Service   466 10-3 Rupture Disc Reliefs in Liquid Service   470 10-4 Rupture Disc Reliefs in Vapor or Gas Service   471 10-5 Two-Phase Flow during Runaway Reaction Relief   472 10-6 Pilot-Operated and Bucking-Pin Reliefs   481 10-7 Deflagration Venting for Dust and Vapor Explosions   481 10-8 Venting for Fires External to Process Vessels   488 10-9 Reliefs for Thermal Expansion of Process Fluids   492 Suggested Reading   496 Problems   497   Chapter 11: Hazards Identification         505 11-1 Process Hazards Checklists   508 11-2 Hazards Surveys   508 11-3 Hazards and Operability Studies   524 11-4 Safety Reviews   530 11-5 Other Methods   537 Suggested Reading   538 Problems   538   Chapter 12: Risk Assessment         549 12-1 Review of Probability Theory   550 12-2 Event Trees   564 12-3 Fault Trees   569 12-4 QRA and LOPA   577 Suggested Reading   588 Problems   588   Chapter 13: Safety Procedures and Designs         597 13-1 Process Safety Hierarchy   598 13-2 Managing Safety   599 13-3 Best Practices   600 13-4 Procedures–Operating   600 13-5 Procedures–Permits   601 13-6 Procedures–Safety Reviews and Accident Investigations   603 13-7 Designs for Process Safety   604 13-8 Miscellaneous Designs for Fires and Explosions   615 13-9 Designs for Runaway Reactions   615 13-10 Designs for Handling Dusts   616 Suggested Reading   617 Problems   618   Chapter 14: Case Histories         621 14-1 Static Electricity   622 14-2 Chemical Reactivity   626 14-3 System Designs   631 14-4 Procedures   637 14-5 Training   642 14-6 Conclusion   645 Suggested Reading  646 Problems   646   Appendix A: Unit Conversion Constants         649   Appendix B: Flammability Data for Selected Hydrocarbons         653   Appendix C: Detailed Equations for Flammability Diagrams         659 Equations Useful for Gas Mixtures   659 Equations Useful for Placing Vessels into and out of Service   664   Appendix D: Formal Safety Review Report for Example 10-4         669   Appendix E: Saturation Vapor Pressure Data         679   Appendix F: Special Types of Reactive Chemicals         681   Appendix G: Hazardous Chemicals Data for a Variety of Chemical Substances         687   Index 695