Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLiteratureLab® does not come packaged with this content. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MyLiteratureLab, search for: 0134047648 / 9780134047645  Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Compact Edition Plus MyLiteratureLab - Access Card Package Package contains: 0133931269 / 9780133931266 - MyLiteratureLab - Glue-in Access Card 0133931277 / 9780133931273 - MyLiteratureLab - Inside Star Sticker 0321971957 / 9780321971951 - Kennedy/Gioia, Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Compact Edition, 8/e MyLiteratureLab is not a self-paced technology and should only be purchased when required by an instructor. _______________ For introductory courses in Literature. Cultivate a Love of Literature… A streamlined version of Kennedy/Gioia’s acclaimed literary anthology, Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Compact Edition, 8/e is a book to lead readers beyond the boundaries of self to see the world through the eyes of others. The authors developed this text with two major goals in mind: to introduce college students to the appreciation and experience of literature in its major forms and to develop students’ abilities to think critically and communicate effectively through writing.  The book is built on the assumption that great literature can enrich and enlarge the lives it touches. Both editors, literary writers themselves, believe that textbooks should be not only informative and accurate but also lively, accessible, and engaging.   Also Available with MyLiteratureLab® This title is also available with MyLiteratureLab – an online resource that works with our literature anthologies to provide engaging experiences to instructors and students.   Students can access new content that fosters an understanding of literary elements, which provides a foundation for stimulating class discussions. This simple and powerful tool offers state-of-the-art audio and video resources along with practical tools and flexible assessment. The Literature Collection eText within MyLiteratureLab includes more than 700 selections and valuable multimedia resources–including professional performances, biographies of key authors, contextual videos, interactive student papers–that bring literature to life

Table of Contents:
&> BRIEF CONTENTS FICTION 1. Reading a Story 2. Point of View 3. Character 4. Setting 5. Tone and Style 6. Theme 7. Symbol 8. Reading Long Stories and Novels 9. Genre Fiction 10. Critical Casebook: Two Stories in Depth POETRY Talking with Kay Ryan. 12. Reading a Poem 13. Listening to a Voice 14. Words 15. Saying and Suggesting 16. Imagery 17. Figures of Speech 18. Song 19. Sound 20. Rhythm 21. Closed Form 22. Open Form 23. Symbol 24. Myth and Narrative 25. Poetry and Personal Identity 26. Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America 27. Recognizing Excellence 28. What is Poetry? 29. Three Critical Casebooks: Emily Dickinson, Langston Hughes, and Robert Frost 30. Critical Casebook: T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" 31. Poems for Further Reading DRAMA Talking with David Ives 32. Reading a Play 33. Tragedy and Comedy 34. Critical Casebook: Sophocles 35. Critical Casebook: Shakespeare 36. The Modern Theater 37. Evaluating a Play 38. Plays for Further Reading WRITING 39. Writing About Literature 40. Writing About a Story 41. Writing About a Poem 42. Writing About a Play 43. Writing a Research Paper 44. Writing an Essay Exam 45. Critical Approaches to Literature Glossary of Literary Terms Literary Credits Photo Credits Index of Major Themes Index of First Lines of Poetry Index of Authors and Titles Index of Literary Terms COMPREHENSIVE CONTENTS FICTION 1    READING A STORY  THE ART OF FICTION   TYPES OF SHORT FICTION     Sufi Legend, Death Has an Appointment in Samarra  A student tries to flee from Death in this brief, sardonic fable.   Aesop, The North Wind and the Sun   The North Wind and the Sun argue who is stronger and decide to try their powers on an unsuspecting traveler. Bidpai, The Tortoise and the Geese   A fable that gives another dimension to Andrew Lang’s quip, “He missed an invaluable opportunity to hold his tongue.”   Chuang Tzu, Independence   The Prince of Ch’u asks the philosopher Chuang Tzu to become his advisor and gets a surprising reply in this classic Chinese fable.   Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death   Neither God nor the Devil came to the christening. In this stark folktale, a young man receives magical powers with a string attached.   PLOT   THE SHORT STORY   John Updike, A & P   In walk three girls in nothing but bathing suits, and Sammy finds himself no longer an aproned checkout clerk but an armored knight.   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Wilhelm Grimm on Writing, On the Nature of Fairy Tales THINKING ABOUT PLOT   CHECKLIST: Writing About Plot   TOPICS FOR WRITING on plot   TERMS FOR REVIEW  2    POINT OF VIEW   IDENTIFYING POINT OF VIEW   TYPES OF NARRATORS   how much does a narrator know?   STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS   William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily   Proud, imperious Emily Grierson defied the town from the fortress of her mansion. Who could have guessed the secret that lay within?   Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart The smoldering eye at last extinguished, a murderer finds that, despite all his attempts at a cover-up, his victim will be heard. Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O.   Since no one appreciates Sister, she decides to live at the Post Office. After meeting her family, you won’t blame her. James Baldwin, Sonny’s Blues   Two brothers in Harlem see life differently. The older brother is the sensible family man, but Sonny wants to be a jazz musician.   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   James Baldwin on Writing, Race and the African American Writer   THINKING ABOUT POINT OF VIEW   CHECKLIST: Writing About Point of View   topics for writing ON POINT OF VIEW   TERMS FOR REVIEW   3    CHARACTER   CHARACTERization Motivation Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall   For sixty years Ellen Weatherall has fought back the memory of that terrible day, but now once more the priest waits in the house.   Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?  Alone in the house, Connie finds herself helpless before the advances of Arnold Friend, a spellbinding imitation teenager. Neil Gaiman, How to Talk to Girls at Parties Two teenage boys try to navigate their way through a party filled with exotic, mysterious girls. Raymond Carver, Cathedral   He had never expected to find himself trying to describe a cathedral to a blind man. He hadn’t even wanted to meet this odd, old friend of his wife.   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Raymond Carver on Writing, Commonplace but Precise Language   THINKING ABOUT CHARACTER   CHECKLIST: Writing About Character   topics for writing ON CHARACTER   TERMS FOR REVIEW  4    SETTING   ELEMENTS OF SETTING   HISTORICAL FICTION   REGIONALISM   NATURALISM   Kate Chopin, The Storm   Even with her husband away, Calixta feels happily, securely married. Why then should she not shelter an old admirer from the rain?   Jack London, To Build a Fire   Seventy-five degrees below zero. Alone except for one mistrustful wolf dog, a man finds himself battling a relentless force.   Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark   A young man from Buenos Aires is trapped by a flood on an isolated ranch. To pass the time, he reads the Gospel to a family with unforeseen results.   Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets   A young woman flies with her father to China to meet two half sisters she never knew existed.   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Amy Tan on Writing, Developing a Setting THINKING ABOUT SETTING   CHECKLIST: Writing About Setting   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SETTING   TERMS FOR REVIEW  5    TONE AND STYLE   TONE   STYLE   DICTION   Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place   All by himself each night, the old man lingers in the bright café. What does he need more than brandy?   William Faulkner, Barn Burning   This time when Ab Snopes wields his blazing torch, his son Sarty faces a dilemma: whether to obey or defy the vengeful old man.   IRONY   O. Henry, The Gift of the Magi   A young husband and wife find ingenious ways to buy each other Christmas presents, in the classic story that defines the word “irony.”   Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour   “There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name.”     WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Ernest Hemingway on Writing, The Direct Style   THINKING ABOUT TONE AND STYLE   CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone and Style   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE AND STYLE   TERMS FOR REVIEW  6    THEME   PLOT VERSUS THEME   summarizing the THEME   FINDING THE THEME   Chinua Achebe, Dead Men’s Path   The new headmaster of the village school was determined to fight superstition, but the villagers did not agree.   Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street  Does where we live tell what we are? A little girl dreams of a new house, but things don’t always turn out the way we want them to. Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son   A father has two sons. One demands his inheritance now and leaves to spend it with ruinous results.   Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Harrison Bergeron   Are you handsome? Off with your eyebrows! Are you brainy? Let a transmitter sound thought-shattering beeps inside your ear.   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Kurt Vonnegut Jr. on Writing, The Themes of Science Fiction   THINKING ABOUT THEME   CHECKLIST: Writing About Theme   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON THEME   TERMS FOR REVIEW  7    SYMBOL   ALLEGORY   SYMBOLS   RECOGNIZING SYMBOLS   John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums   Fenced-in Elisa feels emotionally starved–then her life promises to blossom with the arrival of the scissors-grinding man.   Tobias Wolff, Bullet in the Brain  Anders is in line when armed robbers enter the bank, and he can’t help but get involved. Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas   Omelas is the perfect city. All of its inhabitants are happy. But everyone’s prosperity depends on a hidden evil.   Shirley Jackson, The Lottery   Splintered and faded, the sinister black box had worked its annual terror for longer than anyone in town could remember.   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Shirley Jackson on Writing, Biography of a Story   THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS   CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols   Sample Student Paper on Symbols, An Analysis of the Symbolism in Steinbeck’s “The Chrysanthemums”   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLS   TERMS FOR REVIEW  8    READING LONG STORIES AND NOVELS   ORIGINS OF THE NOVEL   NOVELISTIC METHODS   READING NOVELS   Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis   “When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous insect.” Kafka’s famous opening sentence introduces one of the most chilling stories in world literature.   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Franz Kafka on Writing, Discussing The Metamorphosis   THINKING ABOUT LONG STORIES AND NOVELS   CHECKLIST: Writing About Long Stories and Novels   TOPICS FOR WRITING on long stories and novels   TERMS FOR REVIEW     9 GENRE FICTION ROMANCE VERSUS REALISM   WHAT IS GENRE?   TYPES OF GENRE FICTION   GENRE AND POPULAR CULTURE  Ray Bradbury, A Sound of Thunder  In 2055, you can go on a Time Safari to hunt dinosaurs 60 million years ago. But put one foot wrong, and suddenly the future’s not what it used to be. Ursula K. Le Guin, The Wife’s Story  Another full moon, and another terrible transformation–a surprising reversal of a familiar story.   H. P. Lovecraft, The Outsider  He had been locked in a gothic castle for his entire life, until the day he escaped, but what he discovered outside sent him running back to his dark captivity.    Dashiell Hammett, One Hour Someone killed a man named Newhouse in broad daylight on a San Francisco street. Our detective is on the case. WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Ray Bradbury on Writing, Falling in Love at the Library  TOPICS FOR WRITING   TERMS FOR REVIEW     10   CRITICAL CASEBOOK Two Stories in Depth     Charlotte Perkins Gilman   The Yellow Wallpaper   A doctor prescribes a “rest cure” for his wife after the birth of their child. The new mother tries to settle in to life in the isolated and mysterious country house they have rented for the summer. The cure proves worse than the disease in this Gothic classic.   CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN ON WRITING   Why I Wrote “The Yellow Wallpaper”   Whatever Is   The Nervous Breakdown of Women     CRITICS ON “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER”   Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in “The Yellow Wallpaper”   Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement     ALICE WALKER   Everyday Use   When successful Dee visits from the city, she has changed her name to reflect her African roots. Her mother and sister notice other things have changed, too.     ALICE WALKER ON WRITING   Reflections on Writing and Women’s Lives   CRITICS ON “EVERYDAY USE”   Barbara T. Christian, “Everyday Use” and the Black Power Movement   Mary Helen Washington, “Everyday Use” as a Portrait of the Artist   Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in “Everyday Use”     WRITING EFFECTIVELY   TOPICS FOR WRITING     11    STORIES FOR FURTHER READING   Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona   The only one who can help Victor when his father dies is a childhood friend he’s been avoiding for years.   Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings   John and Mary meet. What happens next? This witty experimental story offers five different outcomes.   Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge   At last, Peyton Farquhar’s neck is in the noose. Reality mingles with dream in this classic story of the American Civil War.   T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake   Murky and strewn with beer cans, the lake appears a wasteland. On its shore three “dangerous characters” learn a lesson one grim night.   Willa Cather, Paul’s Case   Paul’s teachers can’t understand the boy. Then one day, with stolen cash, he boards a train for New York and the life of his dreams.   Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown Urged on through deepening woods, a young Puritan sees–or dreams he sees–good villagers hasten toward a diabolic rite. Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat   Delia’s hard work paid for her small house. Now her drunken husband Sykes has promised it to another woman.   Ha Jin, Saboteur When the police unfairly arrest Mr. Chiu, he hopes for justice. After witnessing their brutality, he quietly plans revenge. James Joyce, Araby   If only he can find her a token, she might love him in return. As night falls, a Dublin boy hurries to make his dream come true.  Jamaica Kincaid, Girl   “Try to walk like a lady, and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming.” An old-fashioned mother tells her daughter how to live.  Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill Sundays had long brought joy to solitary Miss Brill, until one fateful day when she happened to share a bench with two lovers in the park. Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace  A woman enjoys one night of luxury–and then spends years of her life paying for it. Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried   What each soldier carried into the combat zone was largely determined by necessity, but each man’s necessities differed.   Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find Wanted: The Misfit, a cold-blooded killer. An ordinary family vacation leads to horror–and one moment of redeeming grace.   Juan Rulfo, Tell Them Not to Kill Me!   A violent episode from decades past catches up with an old man. Will he be saved from the firing squad? Virginia Woolf, A Haunted House   Whatever hour you woke, a door was shutting. From room to room the ghostly couple walked, hand in hand.     POETRY Talking with Kay Ryan  12  READING A POEM   POETRY OR VERSE   HOW TO READ A POEM   Paraphrase   William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree   Lyric Poetry   Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays   Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers   Narrative Poetry   Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence   Robert Frost, “Out, Out–”   DRAMATIC POETRY   Robert Browning, My Last Duchess   DIDACTIC POETRY   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Adrienne Rich on Writing, Recalling “Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers”   THINKING ABOUT PARAPHRASING   William Stafford, Ask Me   William Stafford, A Paraphrase of “Ask Me”   CHECKLIST: Writing a Paraphrase   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARAPHRASING   TERMS FOR REVIEW  13  LISTENING TO A VOICE   TONE   Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz   Stephen Crane, The Wayfarer Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book   Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter   Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles   Gwendolyn Brooks, Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward   Weldon Kees, For My Daughter   THE SPEAKER IN THE POEM   Natasha Trethewey, White Lies   Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal   Anonymous, Dog Haiku   William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud   Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal Entry   Charlotte Mew, The Farmer’s Bride William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow   IRONY   Robert Creeley, Oh No   W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen   Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage   Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig   Thomas Hardy, The Workbox   FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY   William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper   Amy Uyematsu, Deliberate  Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta   Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Wilfred Owen on Writing, War Poetry   THINKING ABOUT TONE   CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE   Sample Student Paper, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke’s “My Papa’s Waltz”   TERMS FOR REVIEW  14  WORDS   LITERAL MEANING: WHAT A POEM SAYS FIRST   William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say   DICTION   John Masefield, Cargoes Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down!   John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You   THE VALUE OF A DICTIONARY   Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath   J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead   Samuel Menashe, Bread   Carl Sandburg, Grass   WORD CHOICE AND WORD ORDER   Robert Herrick, Upon Julia’s Clothes   Kay Ryan, Blandeur   Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid   Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts   FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY   E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town   Anonymous, Carnation Milk   Gina Valdés, English con Salsa   William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold  William Wordsworth, Mutability Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Lewis Carroll, Humpty Dumpty Explicates “Jabberwocky”   THINKING ABOUT DICTION   CHECKLIST: Writing About Diction   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON WORD CHOICE   TERMS FOR REVIEW  15  SAYING AND SUGGESTING   DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION   William Blake, London   Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock   E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i   Timothy Steele, Epitaph   Diane Thiel, The Minefield   H.D., Sea Rose Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears   Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Richard Wilbur on Writing, Concerning “Love Calls Us to the Things of This World”   THINKING ABOUT DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION   CHECKLIST: Writing About What a Poem Says and Suggests   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION   TERMS FOR REVIEW  16 IMAGERY   Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro   Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel   IMAGERY   T. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down   Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar   Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish   Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence   Jean Toomer, Reapers   Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty   ABOUT HAIKU   Arakida Moritake, The falling flower   Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak   Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool   Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell   Taniguchi Buson, Moonrise on mudflats   Kobayashi Issa, only one guy   Kobayashi Issa, Cricket   HAIKU FROM JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS   Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain   Suiko Matsushita, Cosmos in bloom   Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs   Neiji Ozawa, The war–this year   CONTEMPORARY HAIKU   Nick Virgilio, The Old Neighborhood Lee Gurga, Visitor’s Room Adelle Foley, Learning to Shave   Jennifer Brutschy, Born Again   FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY   John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art   Walt Whitman, The Runner   H.D., Heat   William Carlos Williams, El Hombre   Li Po, Drinking Alone by Moonlight  Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter   Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Ezra Pound on Writing, The Image   THINKING ABOUT IMAGERY   CHECKLIST: Writing About Imagery   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON IMAGERY   Sample Student Paper, Faded Beauty: Elizabeth Bishop’s Use of Imagery in “The Fish”   TERMS FOR REVIEW  17  FIGURES OF SPEECH   WHY SPEAK FIGURATIVELY?   Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle   William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?   Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?   METAPHOR AND SIMILE   Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood — a Loaded Gun   Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall   William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand   Sylvia Plath, Metaphors   N. Scott Momaday, Simile   Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home   OTHER FIGURES OF SPEECH   James Stephens, The Wind   Robinson Jeffers, Hands   Margaret Atwood, You fit into me   Timothy Steele, Epitaph   Dana Gioia, Money   Carl Sandburg, Fog   FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY   Jane Kenyon, The Suitor   Robert Frost, The Secret Sits   Kay Ryan, Turtle   Emily Brontë, Love and Friendship   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Robert Frost on Writing, The Importance of Poetic Metaphor   THINKING ABOUT METAPHORS   CHECKLIST: Writing About Metaphors   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON FIGURES OF SPEECH   TERMS FOR REVIEW  18 SONG   SINGING AND SAYING   Ben Jonson, To Celia   William Shakespeare, Fear no more the heat o’ the sun   Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory   Paul Simon, Richard Cory   BALLADS   Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan   Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham   BLUES   Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse Blues   W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues   RAP   FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY   Neko Case, This Tornado Loves You Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin’   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Bob Dylan on Writing, Rhythm, Rime, and Songwriting from the Outside THINKING ABOUT POETRY AND SONG   CHECKLIST: Writing About Song Lyrics   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SONG LYRICS   TERMS FOR REVIEW  19  SOUND   SOUND AS MEANING   William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?   Edgar Allan Poe, from Ulalume William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal   ALLITERATION AND ASSONANCE   Frances Cornford, The Watch James Joyce, All day I hear   Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls   RIME   William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga   Hilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus   Bob Kaufman, No More Jazz at Alcatraz   William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan   Gerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur   How to read a POEM ALOUD   Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane   T. S. Eliot, Virginia   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   T. S. Eliot on Writing, The Music of Poetry   THINKING ABOUT A POEM’S SOUND   CHECKLIST: Writing About a Poem’s Sound   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOUND   TERMS FOR REVIEW  20  RHYTHM   STRESSES AND PAUSES   STRESS AND Meaning   line endings   Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool   Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break   George Gordon, Lord Byron,  So We’ll Go No More a-Roving Dorothy Parker, Résumé   METER   Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme   A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty   William Carlos Williams, Smell!   Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Gwendolyn Brooks on Writing, Hearing “We Real Cool”   THINKING ABOUT RHYTHM   CHECKLIST: Scanning a Poem   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON RHYTHM   TERMS FOR REVIEW  21  CLOSED FORM   the value of form   FORMAL PATTERNS   Ernest Dowson, “Days of Wine and Roses” John Donne, Song (“Go and catch a falling star”)   Thomas M. Disch, Zewhyexary THE SONNET   William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds   Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why   A. E. Stallings, Aftershocks R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean Sonnet   Sherman Alexie, The Facebook Sonnet THE EPIGRAM   Sir John Harrington, Of Treason   Langston Hughes, Two Somewhat Different Epigrams   Hilaire Belloc, Fatigue   Wendy Cope, Variation on Belloc’s “Fatigue”   Anonymous, Epitaph on a Dentist OTHER FORMS   Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night   Robert Bridges, Triolet   Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask  Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   A. E. Stallings on Writing, On Form and Artifice   THINKING ABOUT A SONNET   CHECKLIST: Writing About a Sonnet   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON closed form TERMS FOR REVIEW  22  OPEN FORM   Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway   FREE VERSE   E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill ’s   W. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death   William Carlos Williams, The Dance   Stephen Crane, The Heart   Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford   Ezra Pound, Salutation   Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird   PROSE POETRY   Charles Simic, The Magic Study of Happiness   VISUAL POETRY   George Herbert, Easter Wings   FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY   E. E. Cummings, in Just-   Francisco X. Alarcón, Frontera / Border   Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Walt Whitman on Writing, The Poetry of the Future   THINKING ABOUT FREE VERSE   CHECKLIST: Writing About Line Breaks   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON OPEN FORM   TERMS FOR REVIEW  23  SYMBOL   THE MEANINGS OF A SYMBOL   T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening Transcript   Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork   IDENTIFYING SYMBOLS   Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones   ALLEGORY   Matthew, The Parable of the Good Seed   George Herbert, Redemption   Antonio Machado, Proverbios y Cantares (IX)      Translated by Dana Gioia, Traveler   Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill   FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY   William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife   Ted Kooser, Carrie   Mary Oliver, Wild Geese   William Blake, The Tyger      Tami Haaland, Lipstick   Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover   Wallace Stevens, The Snow Man   Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   William Butler Yeats on Writing, Poetic Symbols   THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS   CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLISM   TERMS FOR REVIEW  24  MYTH AND NARRATIVE   The subjects and uses OF MYTH   origins OF MYTH   Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay   William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us   H. D., Helen   ARCHETYPE   Louise Bogan, Medusa   John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci   PERSONAL MYTH   William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming   Diane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle School MYTH AND POPULAR CULTURE   for review and further study A. E. Stallings, First Love: A Quiz   Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses  Anne Sexton, Cinderella   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Diane Thiel on Writing, The Map of Myth THINKING ABOUT MYTH   CHECKLIST: Writing About Myth   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON MYTH   Sample Student Paper, The Bonds Between Love and Hatred in H.D.’s “Helen”   TERMS FOR REVIEW  25  POETRY AND PERSONAL IDENTITY   CONFESSIONAL POETRY   Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus   IDENTITY POETICS   Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual/Bilingüe   CULTURE, RACE, AND ETHNICITY   Claude McKay, America   Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Riding into California   Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceañera   Sherman Alexie, The Powwow at the End of the World   Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It   GENDER   Anne Stevenson, The Victory   Rafael Campo, For J. W.   James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio Adrienne Rich, Women   FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY   Philip Larkin, Aubade   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Rhina Espaillat on Writing, Being a Bilingual Writer   THINKING ABOUT POETIC VOICE AND IDENTITY   CHECKLIST: Writing About Voice and Personal Identity   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PERSONAL IDENTITY   terms for review   26  POETRY IN SPANISH: LITERATURE OF LATIN AMERICA   Sor Juana, Presente en que el Cariño Hace Regalo la Llaneza   Translated by Diane Thiel, A Simple Gift Made Rich by Affection   Pablo Neruda, Muchos Somos   Translated by Alastair Reid, We Are Many   Jorge Luis Borges, On his blindness   Translated by Robert Mezey, On His Blindness   Octavio Paz, Con los ojos cerrados   Translated by Eliot Weinberger, With eyes closed   SURREALISM IN LATIN AMERICAN POETRY   Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas   César Vallejo, La cólera que quiebra al hombre en niños   Translated by Thomas Merton, Anger   CONTEMPORARY MEXICAN POETRY   José Emilio Pacheco, Alta Traición   Translated by Alastair Reid, High Treason   Elva Macías, Comí los frutos elegidos   Translated by Kimberly Gooden, I Ate the Fruits Chosen by the Wind WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Alastair Reid on Writing, Translating Neruda   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SPANISH POETRY  27  RECOGNIZING EXCELLENCE   Anonymous, O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face   Emily Dickinson, A Dying Tiger — moaned for Drink   SENTIMENTALITY   Rod McKuen, Thoughts on Capital Punishment   William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark   RECOGNIZING EXCELLENCE   William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium   Arthur Guiterman, On the Vanity of Earthly Greatness   Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias   Robert Hayden, The Whipping   Elizabeth Bishop, One Art   Langston Hughes, I, Too John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale   Walt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain!   Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus   Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee   WRITING EFFECTIVELY   Edgar Allan Poe on Writing, A Long Poem Does Not Exist   THINKING ABOUT EVALUATING A POEM   CHECKLIST: Writing an Evaluation   TOPICS FOR WRITING ON EVALUATING A POEM   TERMS FOR REVIEW  28  WHAT IS POETRY?   some definitions of poetry   Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, José Garcia Villa, Elizabeth Bishop, Joy Harjo, Octavio Paz, Denise Levertov, Lucille Clifton, Charles Simic, —   29  Three CRITICAL CASEBOOKS Emily Dickinson, Langston Hughes, and Robert Frost  EMILY DICKINSON  Success is counted sweetest  Wild Nights — Wild Nights!  I felt a Funeral, in my Brain  I’m Nobody! Who are you?  The Soul selects her own Society  Much Madness is divinest Sense  I heard a Fly buzz — when I died  I started Early — Took my Dog  Because I could not stop for Death  Tell all the Truth but tell it slant    EMILY DICKINSON ON WRITING Recognizing Poetry  Self-Description    CRITICS ON EMILY DICKINSON  Thomas H. Johnson, The Discovery of Emily Dickinson’s Manuscripts Richard Wilbur, The Three Privations of Emily Dickinson  Cynthia Griffin Wolff, Dickinson and Death (A Reading of “Because I could not stop for Death”)  Judith Farr, A Reading of “My Life had stood — a Loaded Gun”    LANGSTON HUGHES  The Negro Speaks of Rivers  The Negro My People  Mother to Son  Song for a Dark Girl  Prayer  Luck Theme for English B  Harlem [Dream Deferred]  Homecoming    LANGSTON HUGHES ON WRITING