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Progress in Botany / Fortschritte Der Botanik: Morphology Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany / Morphologie Physiologie Genetik Systematik Geobotanik(37 Progress in Botany)

Progress in Botany / Fortschritte Der Botanik: Morphology Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany / Morphologie Physiologie Genetik Systematik Geobotanik(37 Progress in Botany)

          
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About the Book

Progress in Botany 37

Table of Contents:
A. Morphology.- I. Cytology.- a) General and Molecular Cytology..- 1. Structures of Endomembranes and Plasma Membranes, with Special Emphasis on Observations Made with the Freeze-Etching Technique.- 2. Isolation and Characterization of Fractions of Isolated Membranes.- a) Nuclear Membranes.- b) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum ("Rough" and "Smooth" Microsomes): Isolation and Composition.- c) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Redox Components and Cytochrome.- d) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Phosphohydrolases.- e) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Glycosyltransferases.- References.- b) Special Cytology: Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Fungal Cell..- 1. Cell Nucleus.- a) Isolated Chromatin.- b) Nucleus-Associated-Organelle (NAO).- c) Synaptonemal Complex (SC).- d) Spindle Poisons.- 2. Mitochondria.- a) Attached Ribosomes.- b) DNA.- 3. Cell Wall.- a) Extraordinary Surface Structures.- b) Chemical Composition.- ?) Proteinic Component.- ?) Polysaccharide Component.- c) Wall Formation.- d) Septa.- References.- c) Special Cytology: Morphology and Morphogenesis of Cells of Higher Plants..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glandular Cells.- a) Slime Glands.- b) Hydathodes.- c) Salt Glands.- d) Nectaries.- e) Glands with Lipophilic Secretions.- f) Protein-Secreting Aleurone Cells.- 3. Excretion Cells.- 4. Endodermal Cells.- 5. Microtubules and Cell Morphogenesis.- References.- IIa) Morphologie und Anatomie der hoheren Pflanzen: Vegetationsorgane..- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Samenpflanzen.- a) Blattmorphologie und -entwicklung.- b) Achsenkorper und Verzweigungssysteme.- c) Wurzelsysteme.- 3. Pteridophyten.- Literatur.- IIb) Morphologie und Anatomie der hoheren Pflanzen: Reproduktionsorgane.- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Blute und Frucht.- a) Allgemeines.- b) Perianth und Androeceum.- c) Gynoeceum.- d) Nektarien und Oldrusen.- e) Frucht und Samen.- 3. Blutensta Microsomes): Isolation and Composition.- c) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Redox Components and Cytochrome.- d) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Phosphohydrolases.- e) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Glycosyltransferases.- References.- b) Special Cytology: Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Fungal Cell..- 1. Cell Nucleus.- a) Isolated Chromatin.- b) Nucleus-Associated-Organelle (NAO).- c) Synaptonemal Complex (SC).- d) Spindle Poisons.- 2. Mitochondria.- a) Attached Ribosomes.- b) DNA.- 3. Cell Wall.- a) Extraordinary Surface Structures.- b) Chemical Composition.- ?) Proteinic Component.- ?) Polysaccharide Component.- c) Wall Formation.- d) Septa.- References.- c) Special Cytology: Morphology and Morphogenesis of Cells of Higher Plants..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glandular Cells.- a) Slime Glands.- b) Hydathodes.- c) Salt Glands.- d) Nectaries.- e) Glands with Lipophilic Secretions.- f) Protein-Secreting Aleurone Cells.- 3. Excretion Cells.- 4. Endodermal Cells.- 5. Microtubules and Cell Morphogenesis.- References.- IIa) Morphologie und Anatomie der hoheren Pflanzen: Vegetationsorgane..- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Samenpflanzen.- a) Blattmorphologie und -entwicklung.- b) Achsenkorper und Verzweigungssysteme.- c) Wurzelsysteme.- 3. Pteridophyten.- Literatur.- IIb) Morphologie und Anatomie der hoheren Pflanzen: Reproduktionsorgane.- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Blute und Frucht.- a) Allgemeines.- b) Perianth und Androeceum.- c) Gynoeceum.- d) Nektarien und Oldrusen.- e) Frucht und Samen.- 3. Blutenstande.- 4. Embryologie und Pollenmorphologie.- a) Allgemeines.- b) Pollen.- c) Samenanlagen- und Samenschalenentwicklung.- d) Embryosack, Endosperm und Embryo.- Literatur.- B. Physiology.- I. Cell Physiology. Cell Electrophysiology and Membrane Transport.- With 2 Figures.- 1. Techniques.- 2. Dielectric Phenomena versus Membrane Structure.- a) Dielectric Dispersion.- b) Membrane Punch-Through and Dielectric Breakdown.- 3. The Electrogenic Pump Concept.- a) Electrical Equivalent Circuits.- b) The Proton Pump.- c) Current-Voltage Relationships.- d) Energetics of the Electrogenic Pump.- 4. Photoelectric Phenomena.- 5. Co-Transport.- 6. Transport of K+ and Na+.- a) Are there Neutral Ion Pumps?.- b) K+ Flux and Turgor Regulation.- 7. Chloride Transport.- 8. Control by Hormones.- 9. Excitable Membranes.- a) Action Potentials in Algae.- b) Action Potentials in Higher Plants.- 10. Signal Transmission by Non-Excitable Membranes.- 11. Electrical Control of Morphogenetic Events.- References.- II. Plant Water Relations..- 1. Water Conditions of Cells and Tissues.- 2. Water States and Water Flux in the Intact Plant and within the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum.- 3. Water Uptake and Root Resistances.- 4. Transpiration and Associated Leaf Resistances.- a) Water Pathways in Leaves and Internal Leaf Resistances.- b) Stomatal Resistance.- ?) Hormonal Control.- ?) Leaf Water Status.- ?) Air Humidity.- ?) Temperature.- ?) Air Pollutants.- ?) Methods.- c) Boundary Layer Resistance.- d) Patterns of Transpiration.- 5. Physiological Implications of Water Stress.- 6. Water Relations and Salinity.- 7. Mathematical Models to Describe Plantwater Relations.- 8. Aspects of Applied Water Physiology.- 9. Water Relations in Special Plant Groups.- ?) Algae.- ?) Fungi.- ?) Lichens.- ?) Mosses.- ?) Phanerogams.- References.- III. Mineral Metabolism: Role of Mineral Elements..- 1. General Aspects.- a) Chloroplasts.- b) Lipids.- c) Parasitic Diseases.- d) Toxicity.- 2. Role of Certain Elements.- a) Potassium.- b) Sodium.- c) Calcium.- d) Iron.- e) Zinc.- f) Copper.- g) Boron.- h) Other Mineral Elements.- 3. Na Salt Effects.- References.- IV. Photosynthesis. Biophysical Aspects. With 1 Figure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photosynthesis of Oxygen-Evolving Organisms.- a) Introduction.- b) Photosystem 1.- c) Photosystem 2.- Photosynthetic Bacteria.- a) Introduction.- References.- V. Carbohydrate Metabolism. With 1 Figure.- 1. Monosaccharides.- a) D- and L-Galactose.- b) Cymarose.- c) D-Apiose.- d) D-Hamamelose.- e) D-Glucaric Acid.- 2. Oligosaccharides.- a) Sucrose.- b) The Galactosides of Sucrose.- c) The Glucosides of Sucrose (Gentianose).- d) ?, ?-Trehalose and Glucosyltrehalose.- 3. Starch.- a) Introduction: The Biochemical Reactions of Starch Synthesis.- b) Chain Lengthening with and without Primer.- c) Starch Synthesis by Phosphorylase and Starch Synthetase.- d) Regulation of Starch Synthesis.- References.- VI. Secondary Plant Substances. Aspects of Steroid Biosynthesis in Plants. With 7 Figures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Squalene Biosynthesis.- 3. Squalene Cyclization.- 4. The Cycloartenol Conversion to Phytosterols.- 5. Alkylation of the Phytosterol Side Chain.- 6. Ecdysterone and Related Compounds.- 7. Steroidal Sapogenins.- 8. Cardenolides and Bufadienolides.- 9. Steroid Alkaloids.- 10. Regulation of Steroid Synthesis in Plants.- References.- VII. Entwicklungsphysiologie..- 1. Einleitung.- 2. Algen.- 3. Regeneration und Gewebekulturen.- 4. Embryobildung.- 5. Pollenregeneration.- 6. Protoplastentechnik.- 7. Lectine.- 8. Die Bedeutung von cAMP fur die pflanzliche Entwicklung.- 9. Quiescent Center.- Literatur.- VIII. Locomotion.- 1. Light Control of Movement.- a) Terminology.- b) Photokinesis.- c) Photophobic Response.- d) Phototaxis.- e) Conclusions.- 2. Chemotaxis.- a) Chemoperception.- b) Mechanism of Chemotactic Orientation in Bacteria.- c) Mechanism of Chemotactic Orientation in Eukaryotic Cells.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication: Organization and Replication of the Eukaryotic Chromosome. With 6 Figures.- 1. Organization of the Eukaryotic Chromosome.- a) Interspersion and Clustering of Repetitive DNA' Microsomes): Isolation and Composition.- c) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Redox Components and Cytochrome.- d) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Phosphohydrolases.- e) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Glycosyltransferases.- References.- b) Special Cytology: Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Fungal Cell..- 1. Cell Nucleus.- a) Isolated Chromatin.- b) Nucleus-Associated-Organelle (NAO).- c) Synaptonemal Complex (SC).- d) Spindle Poisons.- 2. Mitochondria.- a) Attached Ribosomes.- b) DNA.- 3. Cell Wall.- a) Extraordinary Surface Structures.- b) Chemical Composition.- ?) Proteinic Component.- ?) Polysaccharide Component.- c) Wall Formation.- d) Septa.- References.- c) Special Cytology: Morphology and Morphogenesis of Cells of Higher Plants..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glandular Cells.- a) Slime Glands.- b) Hydathodes.- c) Salt Glands.- d) Nectaries.- e) Glands with Lipophilic Secretions.- f) Protein-Secreting Aleurone Cells.- 3. Excretion Cells.- 4. Endodermal Cells.- 5. Microtubules and Cell Morphogenesis.- References.- IIa) Morphologie und Anatomie der hoheren Pflanzen: Vegetationsorgane..- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Samenpflanzen.- a) Blattmorphologie und -entwicklung.- b) Achsenkorper und Verzweigungssysteme.- c) Wurzelsysteme.- 3. Pteridophyten.- Literatur.- IIb) Morphologie und Anatomie der hoheren Pflanzen: Reproduktionsorgane.- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Blute und Frucht.- a) Allgemeines.- b) Perianth und Androeceum.- c) Gynoeceum.- d) Nektarien und Oldrusen.- e) Frucht und Samen.- 3. Blutenstande.- 4. Embryologie und Pollenmorphologie.- a) Allgemeines.- b) Pollen.- c) Samenanlagen- und Samenschalenentwicklung.- d) Embryosack, Endosperm und Embryo.- Literatur.- B. Physiology.- I. Cell Physiology. Cell Electrophysiology and Membrane Transport.- With 2 Figures.- 1. Techniques.- 2. Dielectric Phenomena versus Membrane Structure.- a) Dielectric Dispersion.- b) Membrane Punch-Through and Dielectric Breakdown.- 3. The Electrogenic Pump Concept.- a) Electrical Equivalent Circuits.- b) The Proton Pump.- c) Current-Voltage Relationships.- d) Energetics of the Electrogenic Pump.- 4. Photoelectric Phenomena.- 5. Co-Transport.- 6. Transport of K+ and Na+.- a) Are there Neutral Ion Pumps?.- b) K+ Flux and Turgor Regulation.- 7. Chloride Transport.- 8. Control by Hormones.- 9. Excitable Membranes.- a) Action Potentials in Algae.- b) Action Potentials in Higher Plants.- 10. Signal Transmission by Non-Excitable Membranes.- 11. Electrical Control of Morphogenetic Events.- References.- II. Plant Water Relations..- 1. Water Conditions of Cells and Tissues.- 2. Water States and Water Flux in the Intact Plant and within the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum.- 3. Water Uptake and Root Resistances.- 4. Transpiration and Associated Leaf Resistances.- a) Water Pathways in Leaves and Internal Leaf Resistances.- b) Stomatal Resistance.- ?) Hormonal Control.- ?) Leaf Water Status.- ?) Air Humidity.- ?) Temperature.- ?) Air Pollutants.- ?) Methods.- c) Boundary Layer Resistance.- d) Patterns of Transpiration.- 5. Physiological Implications of Water Stress.- 6. Water Relations and Salinity.- 7. Mathematical Models to Describe Plantwater Relations.- 8. Aspects of Applied Water Physiology.- 9. Water Relations in Special Plant Groups.- ?) Algae.- ?) Fungi.- ?) Lichens.- ?) Mosses.- ?) Phanerogams.- References.- III. Mineral Metabolism: Role of Mineral Elements..- 1. General Aspects.- a) Chloroplasts.- b) Lipids.- c) Parasitic Diseases.- d) Toxicity.- 2. Role of Certain Elements.- a) Potassium.- b) Sodium.- c) Calcium.- d) Iron.- e) Zinc.- f) Copper.- g) Boron.- h) Other Mineral Elements.- 3. Na Salt Effects.- References.- IV. Photosynthesis. Biophysical Aspects. With 1 Figure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photosynthesis of Oxygen-Evolving Organisms.- a) Introduction.- b) Photosystem 1.- c) Photosystem 2.- Photosynthetic Bacteria.- a) Introduction.- References.- V. Carbohydrate Metabolism. With 1 Figure.- 1. Monosaccharides.- a) D- and L-Galactose.- b) Cymarose.- c) D-Apiose.- d) D-Hamamelose.- e) D-Glucaric Acid.- 2. Oligosaccharides.- a) Sucrose.- b) The Galactosides of Sucrose.- c) The Glucosides of Sucrose (Gentianose).- d) ?, ?-Trehalose and Glucosyltrehalose.- 3. Starch.- a) Introduction: The Biochemical Reactions of Starch Synthesis.- b) Chain Lengthening with and without Primer.- c) Starch Synthesis by Phosphorylase and Starch Synthetase.- d) Regulation of Starch Synthesis.- References.- VI. Secondary Plant Substances. Aspects of Steroid Biosynthesis in Plants. With 7 Figures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Squalene Biosynthesis.- 3. Squalene Cyclization.- 4. The Cycloartenol Conversion to Phytosterols.- 5. Alkylation of the Phytosterol Side Chain.- 6. Ecdysterone and Related Compounds.- 7. Steroidal Sapogenins.- 8. Cardenolides and Bufadienolides.- 9. Steroid Alkaloids.- 10. Regulation of Steroid Synthesis in Plants.- References.- VII. Entwicklungsphysiologie..- 1. Einleitung.- 2. Algen.- 3. Regeneration und Gewebekulturen.- 4. Embryobildung.- 5. Pollenregeneration.- 6. Protoplastentechnik.- 7. Lectine.- 8. Die Bedeutung von cAMP fur die pflanzliche Entwicklung.- 9. Quiescent Center.- Literatur.- VIII. Locomotion.- 1. Light Control of Movement.- a) Terminology.- b) Photokinesis.- c) Photophobic Response.- d) Phototaxis.- e) Conclusions.- 2. Chemotaxis.- a) Chemoperception.- b) Mechanism of Chemotactic Orientation in Bacteria.- c) Mechanism of Chemotactic Orientation in Eukaryotic Cells.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication: Organization and Replication of the Eukaryotic Chromosome. With 6 Figures.- 1. Organization of the Eukaryotic Chromosome.- a) Interspersion and Clustering of Repetitive DNA's.- b) Palindromes.- c) Repetitive DNA at the Chromosomal Level.- d) Conformations of the DNA-protein Complex.- 2. The Chromosomal Organization in the Dinophyceae.- 3. Replication.- a) The Mechanism of DNA Replication.- b) DNA Methylation.- c) The Replicon.- d) Control of DNA Replication.- 4. Differential DNA Replication: Amplification and Underreplication.- References.- II. Recombination. With 1 Figure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Features of Intragenic and Intergenic Recombination.- a) Polarity.- b) Marker Effect.- c) Map Expansion, Co-Conversion.- d) Relationship between Reciprocal Crossing Over and Conversion.- e) Models for Genetic Recombination.- f) Sister Strand Exchange.- 3. Somatic Recombination.- References.- III. Mutation..- 1. Methods for Inducing Gene and Chromosome Mutations.- a) Physical Mutagens.- ?) X-Rays.- ?) Gamma Rays.- ?) Beta Rays.- ?) Radio- and Supersonic Waves.- b) Chemical Mutagens.- ?) Ethyl Methanesulfonate and Derivatives.- ?) Ethyleneimine and Related Substances.- ?) Caffeine and Derivatives.- ?) Other Mutagenic Chemicals.- ?) Herbicides, Fungicides, Insecticides.- c) The Combined Action of Different Mutagens.- d) Comparison of the Action of Different Mutagens.- e) Antimutagenic Effects.- f) The Sensitivity of Species, Genotypes, and Developmental Stages to Mutagenic Agents.- g) Spontaneous Mutations.- 2. Gene Mutations.- a) The Genetic Control of Meiosis.- ?) Asynapsis.- ?) Desynapsis.- ?) Genetically Conditioned Male and Female Sterility.- b) The Application of Mutagenesis in Plant Breeding.- ?) The Improvement of Crops by Means of Mutations.- ?) The Genetic Control of Seed Protein Production.- c) Other Groups of Experimentally Induced Mutants and Recombinants.- d) Gene Ecology.- e) Mutant Genes and Heterosis.- f) The Chimerical Status of the M1 Plants.- 3. Chromosome Mutations.- a) Spontaneous Chromosome Mutations.- b) Experimentally Induced Chromosome Mutations.- c) The Distribution of the Breakpoints.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Materials. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in Fungi. With 1 Figure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence for Promoters and Operators in Eukaryotes.- 3. General Systems of Regulation.- a) Genetics of Ammonium Repression.- b) Genetic Regulation of Carbon Catabolism.- c) Genetics of Phosphate Repression.- References.- V. Extrakaryotic Inheritance..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanisms of Uniparental Inheritance.- 3. DNA, RNA, Ribosomes and Plastid Inheritance.- 4. Genetic Determination of Plastid Characteristics.- 5. Mitochondrial Genetics of Green Plants.- 6. Phylogeny of Plastids and Mitochondria.- 7. Other Extrakryotic Determinants.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of Seed Plants. With 1 Figure.- 1. Relationships between Evolution and Classification.- a) Biosystematics and Formal Taxonomy.- b) The Units of Evolution and of Classification.- c) The Process of Classification.- d) Handling Diversity.- e) Priorities of Systematics and Taxonomy.- 2. Morphology and Anatomy.- a) Growth Forms.- b) Vegetative Structures.- c) Flower and Fruit Structures.- d) The "Kranz Syndrome".- e) Embryology and Palynology.- 3. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- a) Karyotypes and DNA Content.- b) Cytogenetics.- c) Variation of Chromosome Numbers.- 4. Chemical Systematics.- 5. Reproductive Biology.- a) Sex Distribution in Angiosperms - the Search for the Ancestral Condition.- b) Alio- and Autogamy and Their Causative Factors.- c) Amphimixis and Apomixis.- d) Synchronized Flowering and Fruiting.- 6. Evolution.- a) Differentiation of Populations.- b) Ecotypic Variation and the Origin of Adaptations..- c) Divergence of Populations.- d) Hybridization.- e) Populations in Space and in Time.- f) Factors Promoting Diversity.- ?) Abiotic Factors.- ?) Animal-Plant Interactions.- 7. Plants and Man.- a) Ethno-Botanical Contributions.- b) Evolution and Systematics of Cultivated Plants.- 8. Systematics, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Seed Plants.- a) Phylogeny and Systematics of the Higher Taxa.- b) Systematics and Taxonomy of Families and Genera.- References.- II. Palaobotanik..- 1. Bryophyta.- 2. Pteridophyta.- a) Psilophytatae.- b) Lycopodiatae.- c) Equisetatae.- d) Noe#8217;s.- b) Palindromes.- c) Repetitive DNA at the Chromosomal Level.- d) Conformations of the DNA-protein Complex.- 2. The Chromosomal Organization in the Dinophyceae.- 3. Replication.- a) The Mechanism of DNA Replication.- b) DNA Methylation.- c) The Replicon.- d) Control of DNA Replication.- 4. Differential DNA Replication: Amplification and Underreplication.- References.- II. Recombination. With 1 Figure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Features of Intragenic and Intergenic Recombination.- a) Polarity.- b) Marker Effect.- c) Map Expansion, Co-Conversion.- d) Relationship between Reciprocal Crossing Over and Conversion.- e) Models for Genetic Recombination.- f) Sister Strand Exchange.- 3. Somatic Recombination.- References.- III. Mutation..- 1. Methods for Inducing Gene and Chromosome Mutations.- a) Physical Mutagens.- ?) X-Rays.- ?) Gamma Rays.- ?) Beta Rays.- ?) Radio- and Supersonic Waves.- b) Chemical Mutagens.- ?) Ethyl Methanesulfonate and Derivatives.- ?) Ethyleneimine and Related Substances.- ?) Caffeine and Derivatives.- ?) Other Mutagenic Chemicals.- ?) Herbicides, Fungicides, Insecticides.- c) The Combined Action of Different Mutagens.- d) Comparison of the Action of Different Mutagens.- e) Antimutagenic Effects.- f) The Sensitivity of Species, Genotypes, and Developmental Stages to Mutagenic Agents.- g) Spontaneous Mutations.- 2. Gene Mutations.- a) The Genetic Control of Meiosis.- ?) Asynapsis.- ?) Desynapsis.- ?) Genetically Conditioned Male and Female Sterility.- b) The Application of Mutagenesis in Plant Breeding.- ?) The Improvement of Crops by Means of Mutations.- ?) The Genetic Control of Seed Protein Production.- c) Other Groups of Experimentally Induced Mutants and Recombinants.- d) Gene Ecology.- e) Mutant Genes and Heterosis.- f) The Chimerical Status of the M1 Plants.- 3. Chromosome Mutations.- a) Spontaneous Chromosome Mutations.- b) Experimentally Induced Chromosome Mutations.- c) The Distribution of the Breakpoints.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Materials. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in Fungi. With 1 Figure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence for Promoters and Operators in Eukaryotes.- 3. General Systems of Regulation.- a) Genetics of Ammonium Repression.- b) Genetic Regulation of Carbon Catabolism.- c) Genetics of Phosphate Repression.- References.- V. Extrakaryotic Inheritance..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanisms of Uniparental Inheritance.- 3. DNA, RNA, Ribosomes and Plastid Inheritance.- 4. Genetic Determination of Plastid Characteristics.- 5. Mitochondrial Genetics of Green Plants.- 6. Phylogeny of Plastids and Mitochondria.- 7. Other Extrakryotic Determinants.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of Seed Plants. With 1 Figure.- 1. Relationships between Evolution and Classification.- a) Biosystematics and Formal Taxonomy.- b) The Units of Evolution and of Classification.- c) The Process of Classification.- d) Handling Diversity.- e) Priorities of Systematics and Taxonomy.- 2. Morphology and Anatomy.- a) Growth Forms.- b) Vegetative Structures.- c) Flower and Fruit Structures.- d) The "Kranz Syndrome".- e) Embryology and Palynology.- 3. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- a) Karyotypes and DNA Content.- b) Cytogenetics.- c) Variation of Chromosome Numbers.- 4. Chemical Systematics.- 5. Reproductive Biology.- a) Sex Distribution in Angiosperms - the Search for the Ancestral Condition.- b) Alio- and Autogamy and Their Causative Factors.- c) Amphimixis and Apomixis.- d) Synchronized Flowering and Fruiting.- 6. Evolution.- a) Differentiation of Populations.- b) Ecotypic Variation and the Origin of Adaptations..- c) Divergence of Populations.- d) Hybridization.- e) Populations in Space and in Time.- f) Factors Promoting Diversity.- ?) Abiotic Factors.- ?) Animal-Plant Interactions.- 7. Plants and Man.- a) Ethno-Botanical Contributions.- b) Evolution and Systematics of Cultivated Plants.- 8. Systematics, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Seed Plants.- a) Phylogeny and Systematics of the Higher Taxa.- b) Systematics and Taxonomy of Families and Genera.- References.- II. Palaobotanik..- 1. Bryophyta.- 2. Pteridophyta.- a) Psilophytatae.- b) Lycopodiatae.- c) Equisetatae.- d) Noeggerathiatae.- e) Filicatae.- ?) Primofilices.- ?) Eusporangiatae.- ?) Leptosporangiatae.- ?) Hydropterides.- f) Progymnospermatae.- 3. Spermatophyta.- a) Lyginopteridatae.- ?) Lyginopteridales.- ?) Glossopteridales.- ?) Pentoxylales.- ?) Caytoniales.- b) Bennettitatae.- c) Cycadatae.- d) Ginkgoatae.- e) Pinatae.- f) Magnoliophytina.- ?) Allgemeines.- ?) Magnoliatae.- ?) Liliatae.- Literatur.- E. Geobotany (Plant Geography, Vegetation History and Ecology).- I. Areal- und Florenkunde (Floristische Geobotanik)..- 1. Neue Floren.- a) Makaronesien; neue Daten uber Endemismus.- b) Mediterrangebiet.- c) Orient.- d) Mitteleuropa.- e) Sowjetunion.- f) China.- g) Nordamerika.- 2. Kartierung von Pflanzenarealen.- a) Rasterkarten.- b) Punktkarten.- 3. Okologische Interpretation von Arealen.- a) Vergleich von Arealkarten mit okologischen und geographischen Karten.- b) Klimarhythmus als arealbegrenzender Faktor.- c) Erklarung von disjunkten Arealen.- d) Verwendung der Areale zur okologischen Charakterisierung von Arten und Pflanzengemeinschaften.- 4. Arealdifferenzierung in Raum und Zeit.- a) Lage der Primitivsippen-Areale zum Entstehungszentrum? Ursprungszentrum der Angiospermen.- b) Beziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Floren der Tropen.- c) Geschichte der Etesienfloren.- d) Stellung und Geschichte von Gramineenfloren.- e) Verbindung zwischen Ostsibirien und Alaska im Quartar.- 5. Synanthrope Arealveranderungen.- 6. Florenkunde.- a) Beziehung der Artenzahl zur Flachengross Microsomes): Isolation and Composition.- c) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Redox Components and Cytochrome.- d) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Phosphohydrolases.- e) Elements from the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Glycosyltransferases.- References.- b) Special Cytology: Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Fungal Cell..- 1. Cell Nucleus.- a) Isolated Chromatin.- b) Nucleus-Associated-Organelle (NAO).- c) Synaptonemal Complex (SC).- d) Spindle Poisons.- 2. Mitochondria.- a) Attached Ribosomes.- b) DNA.- 3. Cell Wall.- a) Extraordinary Surface Structures.- b) Chemical Composition.- ?) Proteinic Component.- ?) Polysaccharide Component.- c) Wall Formation.- d) Septa.- References.- c) Special Cytology: Morphology and Morphogenesis of Cells of Higher Plants..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glandular Cells.- a) Slime Glands.- b) Hydathodes.- c) Salt Glands.- d) Nectaries.- e) Glands with Lipophilic Secretions.- f) Protein-Secreting Aleurone Cells.- 3. Excretion Cells.- 4. Endodermal Cells.- 5. Microtubules and Cell Morphogenesis.- References.- IIa) Morphologie und Anatomie der hoheren Pflanzen: Vegetationsorgane..- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Samenpflanzen.- a) Blattmorphologie und -entwicklung.- b) Achsenkorper und Verzweigungssysteme.- c) Wurzelsysteme.- 3. Pteridophyten.- Literatur.- IIb) Morphologie und Anatomie der hoheren Pflanzen: Reproduktionsorgane.- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Blute und Frucht.- a) Allgemeines.- b) Perianth und Androeceum.- c) Gynoeceum.- d) Nektarien und Oldrusen.- e) Frucht und Samen.- 3. Blutenstande.- 4. Embryologie und Pollenmorphologie.- a) Allgemeines.- b) Pollen.- c) Samenanlagen- und Samenschalenentwicklung.- d) Embryosack, Endosperm und Embryo.- Literatur.- B. Physiology.- I. Cell Physiology. Cell Electrophysiology and Membrane Transport.- With 2 Figures.- 1. Techniques.- 2. Dielectric Phenomena versus Membrane Structure.- a) Dielectric Dispersion.- b) Membrane Punch-Through and Dielectric Breakdown.- 3. The Electrogenic Pump Concept.- a) Electrical Equivalent Circuits.- b) The Proton Pump.- c) Current-Voltage Relationships.- d) Energetics of the Electrogenic Pump.- 4. Photoelectric Phenomena.- 5. Co-Transport.- 6. Transport of K+ and Na+.- a) Are there Neutral Ion Pumps?.- b) K+ Flux and Turgor Regulation.- 7. Chloride Transport.- 8. Control by Hormones.- 9. Excitable Membranes.- a) Action Potentials in Algae.- b) Action Potentials in Higher Plants.- 10. Signal Transmission by Non-Excitable Membranes.- 11. Electrical Control of Morphogenetic Events.- References.- II. Plant Water Relations..- 1. Water Conditions of Cells and Tissues.- 2. Water States and Water Flux in the Intact Plant and within the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum.- 3. Water Uptake and Root Resistances.- 4. Transpiration and Associated Leaf Resistances.- a) Water Pathways in Leaves and Internal Leaf Resistances.- b) Stomatal Resistance.- ?) Hormonal Control.- ?) Leaf Water Status.- ?) Air Humidity.- ?) Temperature.- ?) Air Pollutants.- ?) Methods.- c) Boundary Layer Resistance.- d) Patterns of Transpiration.- 5. Physiological Implications of Water Stress.- 6. Water Relations and Salinity.- 7. Mathematical Models to Describe Plantwater Relations.- 8. Aspects of Applied Water Physiology.- 9. Water Relations in Special Plant Groups.- ?) Algae.- ?) Fungi.- ?) Lichens.- ?) Mosses.- ?) Phanerogams.- References.- III. Mineral Metabolism: Role of Mineral Elements..- 1. General Aspects.- a) Chloroplasts.- b) Lipids.- c) Parasitic Diseases.- d) Toxicity.- 2. Role of Certain Elements.- a) Potassium.- b) Sodium.- c) Calcium.- d) Iron.- e) Zinc.- f) Copper.- g) Boron.- h) Other Mineral Elements.- 3. Na Salt Effects.- References.- IV. Photosynthesis. Biophysical Aspects. With 1 Figure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photosynthesis of Oxygen-Evolving Organisms.- a) Introduction.- b) Photosystem 1.- c) Photosystem 2.- Photosynthetic Bacteria.- a) Introduction.- References.- V. Carbohydrate Metabolism. With 1 Figure.- 1. Monosaccharides.- a) D- and L-Galactose.- b) Cymarose.- c) D-Apiose.- d) D-Hamamelose.- e) D-Glucaric Acid.- 2. Oligosaccharides.- a) Sucrose.- b) The Galactosides of Sucrose.- c) The Glucosides of Sucrose (Gentianose).- d) ?, ?-Trehalose and Glucosyltrehalose.- 3. Starch.- a) Introduction: The Biochemical Reactions of Starch Synthesis.- b) Chain Lengthening with and without Primer.- c) Starch Synthesis by Phosphorylase and Starch Synthetase.- d) Regulation of Starch Synthesis.- References.- VI. Secondary Plant Substances. Aspects of Steroid Biosynthesis in Plants. With 7 Figures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Squalene Biosynthesis.- 3. Squalene Cyclization.- 4. The Cycloartenol Conversion to Phytosterols.- 5. Alkylation of the Phytosterol Side Chain.- 6. Ecdysterone and Related Compounds.- 7. Steroidal Sapogenins.- 8. Cardenolides and Bufadienolides.- 9. Steroid Alkaloids.- 10. Regulation of Steroid Synthesis in Plants.- References.- VII. Entwicklungsphysiologie..- 1. Einleitung.- 2. Algen.- 3. Regeneration und Gewebekulturen.- 4. Embryobildung.- 5. Pollenregeneration.- 6. Protoplastentechnik.- 7. Lectine.- 8. Die Bedeutung von cAMP fur die pflanzliche Entwicklung.- 9. Quiescent Center.- Literatur.- VIII. Locomotion.- 1. Light Control of Movement.- a) Terminology.- b) Photokinesis.- c) Photophobic Response.- d) Phototaxis.- e) Conclusions.- 2. Chemotaxis.- a) Chemoperception.- b) Mechanism of Chemotactic Orientation in Bacteria.- c) Mechanism of Chemotactic Orientation in Eukaryotic Cells.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication: Organization and Replication of the Eukaryotic Chromosome. With 6 Figures.- 1. Organization of the Eukaryotic Chromosome.- a) Interspersion and Clustering of Repetitive DNA's.- b) Palindromes.- c) Repetitive DNA at the Chromosomal Level.- d) Conformations of the DNA-protein Complex.- 2. The Chromosomal Organization in the Dinophyceae.- 3. Replication.- a) The Mechanism of DNA Replication.- b) DNA Methylation.- c) The Replicon.- d) Control of DNA Replication.- 4. Differential DNA Replication: Amplification and Underreplication.- References.- II. Recombination. With 1 Figure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Features of Intragenic and Intergenic Recombination.- a) Polarity.- b) Marker Effect.- c) Map Expansion, Co-Conversion.- d) Relationship between Reciprocal Crossing Over and Conversion.- e) Models for Genetic Recombination.- f) Sister Strand Exchange.- 3. Somatic Recombination.- References.- III. Mutation..- 1. Methods for Inducing Gene and Chromosome Mutations.- a) Physical Mutagens.- ?) X-Rays.- ?) Gamma Rays.- ?) Beta Rays.- ?) Radio- and Supersonic Waves.- b) Chemical Mutagens.- ?) Ethyl Methanesulfonate and Derivatives.- ?) Ethyleneimine and Related Substances.- ?) Caffeine and Derivatives.- ?) Other Mutagenic Chemicals.- ?) Herbicides, Fungicides, Insecticides.- c) The Combined Action of Different Mutagens.- d) Comparison of the Action of Different Mutagens.- e) Antimutagenic Effects.- f) The Sensitivity of Species, Genotypes, and Developmental Stages to Mutagenic Agents.- g) Spontaneous Mutations.- 2. Gene Mutations.- a) The Genetic Control of Meiosis.- ?) Asynapsis.- ?) Desynapsis.- ?) Genetically Conditioned Male and Female Sterility.- b) The Application of Mutagenesis in Plant Breeding.- ?) The Improvement of Crops by Means of Mutations.- ?) The Genetic Control of Seed Protein Production.- c) Other Groups of Experimentally Induced Mutants and Recombinants.- d) Gene Ecology.- e) Mutant Genes and Heterosis.- f) The Chimerical Status of the M1 Plants.- 3. Chromosome Mutations.- a) Spontaneous Chromosome Mutations.- b) Experimentally Induced Chromosome Mutations.- c) The Distribution of the Breakpoints.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Materials. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in Fungi. With 1 Figure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence for Promoters and Operators in Eukaryotes.- 3. General Systems of Regulation.- a) Genetics of Ammonium Repression.- b) Genetic Regulation of Carbon Catabolism.- c) Genetics of Phosphate Repression.- References.- V. Extrakaryotic Inheritance..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanisms of Uniparental Inheritance.- 3. DNA, RNA, Ribosomes and Plastid Inheritance.- 4. Genetic Determination of Plastid Characteristics.- 5. Mitochondrial Genetics of Green Plants.- 6. Phylogeny of Plastids and Mitochondria.- 7. Other Extrakryotic Determinants.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of Seed Plants. With 1 Figure.- 1. Relationships between Evolution and Classification.- a) Biosystematics and Formal Taxonomy.- b) The Units of Evolution and of Classification.- c) The Process of Classification.- d) Handling Diversity.- e) Priorities of Systematics and Taxonomy.- 2. Morphology and Anatomy.- a) Growth Forms.- b) Vegetative Structures.- c) Flower and Fruit Structures.- d) The "Kranz Syndrome".- e) Embryology and Palynology.- 3. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- a) Karyotypes and DNA Content.- b) Cytogenetics.- c) Variation of Chromosome Numbers.- 4. Chemical Systematics.- 5. Reproductive Biology.- a) Sex Distribution in Angiosperms - the Search for the Ancestral Condition.- b) Alio- and Autogamy and Their Causative Factors.- c) Amphimixis and Apomixis.- d) Synchronized Flowering and Fruiting.- 6. Evolution.- a) Differentiation of Populations.- b) Ecotypic Variation and the Origin of Adaptations..- c) Divergence of Populations.- d) Hybridization.- e) Populations in Space and in Time.- f) Factors Promoting Diversity.- ?) Abiotic Factors.- ?) Animal-Plant Interactions.- 7. Plants and Man.- a) Ethno-Botanical Contributions.- b) Evolution and Systematics of Cultivated Plants.- 8. Systematics, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Seed Plants.- a) Phylogeny and Systematics of the Higher Taxa.- b) Systematics and Taxonomy of Families and Genera.- References.- II. Palaobotanik..- 1. Bryophyta.- 2. Pteridophyta.- a) Psilophytatae.- b) Lycopodiatae.- c) Equisetatae.- d) Noeggerathiatae.- e) Filicatae.- ?) Primofilices.- ?) Eusporangiatae.- ?) Leptosporangiatae.- ?) Hydropterides.- f) Progymnospermatae.- 3. Spermatophyta.- a) Lyginopteridatae.- ?) Lyginopteridales.- ?) Glossopteridales.- ?) Pentoxylales.- ?) Caytoniales.- b) Bennettitatae.- c) Cycadatae.- d) Ginkgoatae.- e) Pinatae.- f) Magnoliophytina.- ?) Allgemeines.- ?) Magnoliatae.- ?) Liliatae.- Literatur.- E. Geobotany (Plant Geography, Vegetation History and Ecology).- I. Areal- und Florenkunde (Floristische Geobotanik)..- 1. Neue Floren.- a) Makaronesien; neue Daten uber Endemismus.- b) Mediterrangebiet.- c) Orient.- d) Mitteleuropa.- e) Sowjetunion.- f) China.- g) Nordamerika.- 2. Kartierung von Pflanzenarealen.- a) Rasterkarten.- b) Punktkarten.- 3. Okologische Interpretation von Arealen.- a) Vergleich von Arealkarten mit okologischen und geographischen Karten.- b) Klimarhythmus als arealbegrenzender Faktor.- c) Erklarung von disjunkten Arealen.- d) Verwendung der Areale zur okologischen Charakterisierung von Arten und Pflanzengemeinschaften.- 4. Arealdifferenzierung in Raum und Zeit.- a) Lage der Primitivsippen-Areale zum Entstehungszentrum? Ursprungszentrum der Angiospermen.- b) Beziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Floren der Tropen.- c) Geschichte der Etesienfloren.- d) Stellung und Geschichte von Gramineenfloren.- e) Verbindung zwischen Ostsibirien und Alaska im Quartar.- 5. Synanthrope Arealveranderungen.- 6. Florenkunde.- a) Beziehung der Artenzahl zur Flachengrosse.- b) Ursachen des Artenreichtums.- c) Floristische Beziehungen der Gebirge.- 7. Pflanzengeographische Gebietsgliederung.- 8. Arealtypen.- Literatur.- II. The History of Flora and Vegetation during the Quaternary.- 1. Africa.- a) General Problems.- b) The Sahara and Adjacent Regions.- c) Eastern and Southern Africa.- 2. The Sub-Antarctic Oceans.- 3. Scotland and Its Surroundings.- References.- III. Vegetation Ecology (Sociological Geobotany)..- 1. Reviews, Textbooks, Bibliographies.- 2. General Results and Methods.- a) Classification, Syntaxonomy, Nomenclature.- b) Vegetation Mapping.- c) Analysis of Vegetational Mosaics and Complexes.- d) Influences of Animals on Vegetation.- 3. Vegetation of Europe, Northern Asia and North America.- a) Arctic Vegetation.- b) Vegetation of Central Asia.- c) Vegetation of Japan.- d) Features of Natural Conifer Forests in Temperate Europe.- e) Weed Vegetation of Europe and North America.- 4. Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation.- a) Tropical and Subtropical Epiphytic Vegetation.- b) Tropical Aquatic Vegetation.- c) Tropical African Savanna Vegetation.- 5. Subantarctic Vegetation: Forests.- References.- IV. Experimental Ecology..- 1. General.- 2. Relations to Environmental Factors.- a) Climate, Mainly Temperature.- b) Light.- c) Water.- d) Soil, Mainly Mineral Nutrients.- e) Other Chemical Factors.- 3. Productivity and Ecosystem Research.- a) Photosynthesis.- b) Biomass and Productivity.- c) Litter Fall and Nutrient Cycle.- References.- V. Blutenokologie..- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Blutenbewegung und Periodizitat.- 3. Anlockungsmittel.- a) Duftstoffe.- b) Optik und Pigmentierung.- c) Nektar und Nektarien.- d) Fettes Ol.- e) Pollen und Pollenausbeutung.- 4. Bluten-Biotypen und ihre Evolution.- 5. Pollination einzelner Gruppen.- a) Verschiedene Angiospermen.- b) Nutzpflanzen.- c) Orchideen.- d) Ficus.- 6. Bestaubung in einzelnen Biozonosen..- 7. Populationsgenetische Aspekte.- a) Pollenfluss.- b) Autogamie, Incompatibilitat.- c) Diozie, Heterostylie.- Literatur.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9783540075042
  • Publisher: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG
  • Publisher Imprint: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Language: English
  • Series Title: 37 Progress in Botany
  • Weight: 850 gr
  • ISBN-10: 3540075046
  • Publisher Date: 01 Dec 1975
  • Binding: Hardback
  • Returnable: N
  • Sub Title: Morphology Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany / Morphologie Physiologie Genetik Systematik Geobotanik


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Progress in Botany / Fortschritte Der Botanik: Morphology Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany / Morphologie Physiologie Genetik Systematik Geobotanik(37 Progress in Botany)
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Progress in Botany / Fortschritte Der Botanik: Morphology Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany / Morphologie Physiologie Genetik Systematik Geobotanik(37 Progress in Botany)
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