Pamela O LongPamela O. Long is a historian of late medieval and early modern European science and technology, and cultural history. Her fellowships include those from American Academy in Rome, the Guggenheim Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Founation, and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. Her books include Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance (2001); Artisan/Practitioners and the Rise of the New Sciences (2011); and Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome (2018). Read More Read Less