3D DIGITAL GEOLOGICAL MODELS Discover the practical aspects of modeling techniques and their applicability on both terrestrial and extraterrestrial structures A wide overlap exists in the methodologies used by geoscientists working on the Earth and those focused on other planetary bodies in the Solar System. Over the course of a series of sessions at the General Assemblies of the European Geosciences Union in Vienna, the intersection found in 3D characterization and modeling of geological and geomorphological structures for all terrestrial bodies in our solar system revealed that there are similar datasets and common techniques for the study of all planets—Earth and beyond—from a geological point-of-view. By looking at Digital Outcrop Models (DOMs), Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), or Shape Models (SM), researchers may achieve digital representations of outcrops, topographic surfaces, or entire small bodies of the Solar System, like asteroids or comet nuclei. 3D Digital Geological Models: From Terrestrial Outcrops to Planetary Surfaces has two central objectives, to highlight the similarities that geological disciplines have in common when applied to entities in the Solar System, and to encourage interdisciplinary communication and collaboration between different scientific communities. The book particularly focuses on analytical techniques on DOMs, DEMs and SMs that allow for quantitative characterization of outcrops and geomorphological features. It also highlights innovative 3D interpretation and modeling strategies that allow scientists to gain new and more advanced quantitative results on terrestrial and extraterrestrial structures. 3D Digital Geological Models: From Terrestrial Outcrops to Planetary Surfaces readers will also find: The first volume dedicated to this subject matter that successfully integrates methodology and applications A series of methodological chapters that provide instruction on best practices involving DOMs, DEMs, and SMs A wide range of case studies, including small- to large-scale projects on Earth, Mars, the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet, and the Moon Examples of how data collected at surface can help reconstruct 3D subsurface models 3D Digital Geological Models: From Terrestrial Outcrops to Planetary Surfaces is a useful reference for academic researchers in earth science, structural geology, geophysics, petroleum geology, remote sensing, geostatistics, and planetary scientists, and graduate students studying in these fields. It will also be of interest for professionals from industry, particularly those in the mining and hydrocarbon fields.

Table of Contents:
List of Contributors xi Preface xvii 1 3D Digital Geological Models: From Terrestrial Outcrops to Planetary Surfaces 1 Andrea Bistacchi, Matteo Massironi, and Sophie Viseur 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 DOM/SM Reconstruction and Interpretation Workflows 2 1.3 Morphometric Analysis Across Different Scales and Planets 4 1.4 3D Modelling of the Subsurface from Surface Data 5 1.5 Summary and Perspectives 6 Part I DOM and SM Reconstruction and Interpretation Workflows 11 2 Digital Outcrop Model Reconstruction and Interpretation 13 Andrea Bistacchi, Silvia Mittempergher, and Mattia Martinelli 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Photogrammetric Surveys and Processing for DOMs 14 2.3 Point-Cloud vs. Textured-Surface DOMs 21 2.4 Geological Interpretation of DOMs 23 2.5 Discussion and Conclusion 26 2.6 Summary and Perspectives 28 3 The PRoViDE Framework: Accurate 3D Geological Models for Virtual Exploration of the Martian Surface from Rover and Orbital Imagery 33 Christoph Traxler, Thomas Ortner, Gerd Hesina, Robert Barnes, Sanjeev Gupta, Gerhard Paar, Jan-Peter Muller, Yu Tao, and Konrad Willner 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Components and Methods 34 3.3 Geological Interpretations of DOMs 48 3.4 Conclusions 52 4 Vombat: An Open Source Tool for Creating Stratigraphic Logs from Virtual Outcrops 57 L. Penasa, M. Franceschi, and N. Preto 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Vombat 58 4.3 Examples 64 4.4 Discussion 66 4.5 Conclusions 67 5 Interpretation and Mapping of Geological Features Using Mobile Devices in Outcrop Geology: A Case Study of the Saltwick Formation, North Yorkshire, UK 71 Christian Kehl, James R. Mullins, Simon J. Buckley, John A. Howell, and Robert L. Gawthorpe 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 The Geological Setting: The Saltwick Formation 72 5.3 From Geological Surface Interpretation to Statistical Subsurface 3D Models 74 5.4 Mobile Interpretation Using Image-to-Geometry Techniques 76 5.5 Model Construction 82 5.6 Multiple Point Statistics Simulation of the Saltwick Formation 86 5.7 Discussion 87 6 Image Analysis Algorithms for Semiautomatic Lineament Detection in Geological Outcrops 93 Silvia Mittempergher and Andrea Bistacchi 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 The DOMStudioImage Toolbox 94 6.3 Lineament Detection Workflow 94 6.4 Results on Geological Images 102 6.5 Discussion 103 6.6 Conclusions 105 Part II Morphometric Analysis Across Different Scales and Planets 109 7 Mapping Coastal Erosion of a Mediterranean Cliff with a Boat-Borne Laser Scanner: Performance, Processing, and Cliff Erosion Rate 111 Jérémy Giuliano, Thomas J. B. Dewez, Thomas Lebourg, Vincent Godard, Mélody Prémaillon, and Nathalie Marçot 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Test Site and Study Setting 112 7.3 Datasets 113 7.4 Point Cloud: Quality Assessment 115 7.5 LiDAR Data Processing 117 7.6 Results 121 7.7 Discussion 123 7.8 Conclusion 125 8 A DEM-Based Volume Extraction Approach: From Micro-Scale Weathering Forms to Planetary Lava Tubes 133 Riccardo Pozzobon, Claudio Mazzoli, Silvia Salvini, Francesco Sauro, Matteo Massironi, and Tommaso Santagata 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Micro-elevation Maps and DEMs Production 135 8.3 Volumes Extraction 136 8.4 Results and Discussion 141 8.5 Conclusions 143 9 Robust Detection of Circular Shapes on 3D Meshes Based on Discrete Curvatures: Application to Impact Craters Recognition 149 Jean-Luc Mari, Sophie Viseur, Sylvain Bouley, Martin-Pierre Schmidt, Jennifer Muscato, Florian Beguet, Sarah Bali, and Laurent Jorda 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 Related Work 150 9.3 Basic Notions 150 9.4 Approach Based on Ring Propagation 152 9.5 Approach Based on Circle Fitting 155 9.6 Conclusion 156 Part III 3D Modelling of the Subsurface from Surface Data 159 10 Remote Sensing and Field Data Based Structural 3D Modelling (Haslital, Switzerland) in Combination with Uncertainty Estimation and Verification by Underground Data 161 Roland Baumberger, Marco Herwegh, and Edi Kissling 10.1 Introduction 161 10.2 Geological Setting 164 10.3 Methodology 165 10.4 Results and Discussion 176 10.5 Summary Discussion and Conclusions 187 11 Application of Implicit 3D Modelling to Reconstruct the Layered Structure of the Comet 67P 199 Luca Penasa, Matteo Massironi, Emanuele Simioni, Marco Franceschi, Giampiero Naletto, Sabrina Ferrari, Ivano Bertini, Pamela Cambianica, Elisa Frattin, Fiorangela La Forgia, Alice Lucchetti, Maurizio Pajola, Frank Preusker, Frank Scholten, Laurent Jorda, Robert Gaskell, and Holger Sierks 11.1 Introduction 199 11.2 A Modelling Strategy for Onion-Like Layers 201 11.3 Model Fitting 204 11.4 Visualization and Validation of the Models 208 11.5 Conclusions 211 Acknowledgments 211 References 212 Index 215