A comprehensive depository of all information relating to the scientific and technological aspects of Shale Gas and Alternative Energy Conveniently arranged by energy type including Shale Gas, Wind, Geothermal, Solar, and Hydropower Perfect first-stop reference for any scientist, engineer, or student looking for practical and applied energy information Emphasizes practical applications of existing technologies, from design and maintenance, to operating and troubleshooting of energy systems and equipment Features concise yet complete entries, making it easy for users to find the required information quickly, without the need to search through long articles

Table of Contents:
INTRODUCTION: ENERGY DRIVES EVERYTHING Howard C. Hayden xi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxv PART I WIND 1 Acceptance of Wind Power: An Introduction to Drivers and Solutions 3 Jacob Ladenburg 2 Wind Power Forecasting Techniques 10 Michael Negnevitsky 3 Maximizing the Loading inWind Turbine Plants: (A) The Betz Limit, (B) Ducting the Turbine 20 D. P. Georgiou and N. G. Theodoropoulos 4 Modeling Wind Turbine Wakes for Wind Farms 28 Angus C. W. Creech and Wolf-Gerrit Fr¨uh 5 Fatigue Failure inWind Turbine Blades 52 Juan C. Marin, Alberto Barroso, Federico Paris, and Jose Canas 6 Floating Wind Turbines: The New Wave in Offshore Wind Power 69 Antoine Peiffer and Dominique Roddier 7 Wind Power—Aeole Turns Marine 80 Roger H. Charlier and Alexandre C. Thys 8 Impacts of Wind Farms on Weather and Climate at Local and Global Scales 88 Justin J. Traiteur and Somnath Baidya Roy 9 Power Curves and Turbulent Flow Characteristics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 104 Kevin Pope and Greg F. Naterer 10 Windmill Brake State Models Used in Predicting Wind Turbine Performance 116 Panu Pratumnopharat and Pak Sing Leung 11 Lightning Protection of Wind Turbines and Associated Phenomena 120 Petar Sarajcev 12 Wind Turbine Wake Modeling—Possibilities with Actuator Line/Disc Approaches 141 Stefan Ivanell and Robert Mikkelsen 13 Random Cascade Model for Surface Wind Speed 153 R. Baile and J. F. Muzy 14 Wind Power Budget 163 Hugo Abi Karam 15 Identification ofWind Turbines in Closed-Loop Operation in the Presence of Three-Dimensional Turbulence Wind Speed: Torque Demand to Measured Generator Speed Loop 169 Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dor´e Landau 16 Identification in Closed-Loop Operation of Models for Collective Pitch Robust Controller Design 180 Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dore Landau 17 Wind Basics—Energy from Moving Air 194 18 Wind—Chronological Development 201 PART II SOLAR 19 Solar Air Conditioning 205 Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano 20 Energy Performance of Hybrid Cogeneration Versus Side-by-Side Solar Water Heating and Photovoltaic for Subtropical Building Application 212 Tin-Tin Chow, Ka-Kui Tse, and Norman Tse 21 Polycrystalline Silicon for Thin Film Solar Cells 226 Nicolas Budini, Roberto D. Arce, Roman H. Buitrago, and Javier A. Schmidt 22 Solar Basics – Energy from the Sun 233 23 NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Solar-Power Research 241 24 Solar Thermal – Chronological Development 247 25 Photovoltaic – Chronological Development 249 PART III GEOTHERMAL 26 Geothermal: History, Classification, and Utilization for Power Generation 253 Mathew C. Aneke and Mathew C. Menkiti 27 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 265 Rosemarie Mohais, Choashui Xu, Peter A. Dowd, and Martin Hand 28 Thermodynamic Analysis of Geothermal Power Plants 290 Mehmet Kanoglu and Ali Bolatturk 29 Sustainability Assessment of Geothermal Power Generation 301 Annette Evans, Vladimir Strezov, and Tim J. Evans 30 Geothermal Energy and Organic Rankine Cycle Machines 310 Bertrand F. Tchanche 31 Low Temperature Geothermal Energy: Geospatial and Economic Indicators 318 Alberto Gemelli, Adriano Mancini, and Sauro Longhi 32 Dry Cooling Towers for Geothermal Power Plants 333 Zhiqiang Guan, Kamel Hooman, and Hal Gurgenci 33 Thermal Storage 350 Marc A. Rosen 34 Shallow Geothermal Systems: Computational Challenges and Possibilities 368 Rafid Al-Khoury 35 Geothermal Basics—What is Geothermal Energy? 390 36 Geothermal—Chronologic Development 394 PART IV HYDROPOWER 37 Sustainability of Hydropower 399 Joerg Hartmann 38 Environmental Issues Related to Conventional Hydropower 404 Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Alison H. Colotelo, Richard S. Brown, and Thomas J. Carlson 39 Social Issues Related to Hydropower 410 Joerg Hartmann 40 Safety in Hydropower Development and Operation 413 Urban Kjellen 41 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage 423 John P. Deane and Brian O’Gallachoir 42 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Dams in Tropical Forests 426 Philip M. Fearnside 43 Physical and Multidimensional Numeric Hydraulic Modeling of Hydropower Systems and Rivers 437 Timothy C. Sassaman and Daniel Gessler 44 Experimental and Numerical Modeling Tools for Conventional Hydropower Systems 448 Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Thomas J. Carlson, Gene R. Ploskey, Richard S. Brown, Gary E. Johnson, and Alison H. A. Colotelo 45 The State of Art on Large Cavern Design for Underground Powerhouses and Some Long-Term Issues 465 Omer Aydan 46 Hydroelectric Power for the Nation 488 47 Hydropower Basics—Energy from Moving Water 492 48 Hydropower—Chronologic Development 497 PART V BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS 49 Fuel Cell Control 501 Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano 50 Recent Trends in the Development of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems 509 Amornchai Arpornwichanop and Suthida Authayanun 51 Integrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems for Electrical Power Generation—A Review 526 Suttichai Assabumrungrat, Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Vorachatra Sukwattanajaroon, and Dang Saebea 52 Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Secondary Batteries 547 Fiona M. Gray and Michael J. Smith 53 Recycling and Disposal of Battery Materials 566 Michael J. Smith and Fiona M. Gray 54 AC OR DC 578 M. Aram Azadpour PART VI RENEWABLE ENERGY CONCEPTS 55 Will Renewables Cut Carbon Dioxide Emissions Substantially? 581 Herbert Inhaber 56 The Concept of Base-Load Power 585 Mark Diesendorf 57 Tidal Power Harnessing 590 Roger H. Charlier 58 The Loading ofWater Current Turbines: The Betz Limit and Ducted Turbines 601 D. P. Georgiou and N. G. Theodoropoulos 59 Bottled Gas as Household Energy 606 Masami Kojima 60 Exergy Analysis: Theory and Applications 628 Marc A. Rosen 61 Global Transport Energy Consumption 651 Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery 62 Biomass: Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals 657 63 Planting and Managing Switchgrass as a Biomass Energy Crop 663 64 Municipal SolidWaste—Chronological Development 675 65 Ethanol—Chronological Development 677 66 Thermal Properties of Methane Hydrate by Experiment and Modeling and Impacts Upon Technology 680 Robert P. Warzinski, Isaac K. Gamwo, Eilis J. Rosenbaum, Evgeniy M. Myshakin, Hao Jiang, Kenneth D. Jordan, Niall J. English, and David W. Shaw (Public Domain) PART VII SHALE GAS 67 Shale Gas Will Rock theWorld 689 Amy Myers Jaffe 68 What is Shale Gas? 692 Energy Information Administration (Public Domain) 69 Directional and Horizontal Drilling in Oil and Gas Wells 695 Public Domain 70 Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled in Shale 697 Public Domain 71 Hydraulic Fracturing: A Game-Changer for Energy and Economies 700 Isaac Orr 72 Zero Discharge Water Management for Horizontal Shale Gas Well Development 720 West Virginia Water Research Institute (Public Domain) 73 About Oil Shale—What is Oil Shale? 723 Public Domain 74 Natural Gas Basics—How Was Natural Gas Formed? 725 Public Domain 75 Natural Gas—Chronological Development 732 Public Domain 76 Energy Mineral Division of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Shale Gas and Liquids Committee Annual Report, FY 2014 734 Neil S. Fishman, Chair INDEX 857