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Applied Bioelectricity: From Electrical Stimulation to Electropathology(Studies in British Literature; 37)

Applied Bioelectricity: From Electrical Stimulation to Electropathology(Studies in British Literature; 37)

          
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About the Book

Exposure to electrical currents and electromagnetic fields is important in medicine and engineering. This book is unique in its treatment of the short-term biological responses to electric currents and fields. It contains an important chapter on developing standards for human exposure to electrical fields and currents. The book will be of interest to professionals involved in regulation and safety of electrical devices, designers and users of biomedical devices, researchers in electrical stimulation and shock, and legal professionals involved in electrical safety.

Table of Contents:
1 Introduction.- 1.1 General Perspective.- 1.2 Electrical Exposure.- 1.3 Scales of Short-Term Reactions to Contact Current.- 1.4 Reactions to Electric and Magnetic Field Stimulation.- 1.5 Variables Affecting Thresholds.- 2 Impedance and Current Distribution.- 2.1 Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials.- 2.2 Skin Impedance.- 2.3 Total Body Impedance: Low-Frequency and DC.- 2.4 Impedance at Higher Frequencies.- 2.5 Impedance Through Foot Contact.- 2.6 High-Voltage and Transient Properties.- 2.7 Impedance of Domestic Animals.- 3 Electrical Principles of Nerve and Muscle Function.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Cellular Membranes.- 3.3 The Excitable Nerve Membrane.- 3.4 Action Potential Models for Cardiac Tissue.- 3.5 Sensory Transduction.- 3.6 Muscle Function.- 3.7 Synapses.- 3.8 The Spinal Reflex.- 4 Excitation Models.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Linear Strength-Duration Model.- 4.3 Electrical Cable Representations.- 4.4 Myelinated Nerve Model.- 4.5 Response to Monophasic Stimulation.- 4.6 Response to Biphasic and Repetitive Stimuli.- 4.7 Parameter Variation Effects.- 5 Electrical Properties of the Heart.- 5.1 Cardiovascular System: General Anatomical and Functional Aspects.- 5.2 Origin and Spread of Excitation.- 5.3 Elementary Processes of Excitation and Contraction.- 5.4 Stimulation, Propagation, and Refractoriness.- 5.5 Regular and Ectopic Pacemakers.- 5.6 Effects of Autonomic Nerves and of Changes in Electrolyte Composition.- 5.7 Electrocardiogram.- 5.8 Abnormalities in Cardiac Rhythm as Reflected in the ECG.- 5.9 Mechanism of Flutter and Fibrillation.- 5.10 Vulnerable Period: Threshold for Fibrillation.- 5.11 Electrical Defibrillation.- 6 Cardiac Sensitivity to Electrical Stimulation.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Threshold Sensitivity with Respect to Cardiac Cycle.- 6.3 Strength-Duration Relations for Unidirectional Currents.- 6.4 Biphasic and Sinusoidal Stimulation.- 6.5 Duration Sensitivity for Oscillatory Stimuli.- 6.6 Energy Criteria and Impulse Currents.- 6.7 Body-Size Scaling.- 6.8 Statistical Distribution of Thresholds.- 6.9 Combined AC and DC Stimuli.- 6.10 Electrodes and Current Density.- 7 Sensory Responses to Electrical Stimulation.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Mechanisms of Electrical Transduction.- 7.3 Perception of Transient Monophasic Currents.- 7.4 Suprathreshold Responses.- 7.5 Stimulus Waveform Factors.- 7.6 Electrodes and Current Density.- 7.7 Body Location Sensitivity.- 7.8 Skin Temperature.- 7.9 Tactile Masking.- 7.10 Individual Differences in Electrical Sensitivity.- 7.11 Startle Reactions.- 7.12 Electrical Stimulation of Domestic Animals.- 7.13 Visual and Auditory Effects.- 8 Skeletal Muscle Response to Electrical Stimulation.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Neuromuscular Structure and Function.- 8.3 Fundamental Principles of Skeletal Muscle Electrical Stimulation.- 8.4 Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation Systems.- 8.5 Skeletal Muscle Stimulation in Electrical Accidents.- 8.6 Analysis of the Let-Go Phenomenon.- 8.7 Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Respiration.- 9 Stimulation via Electric and Magnetic Fields.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Electric Field Induction Principles.- 9.3 Direct Perception of ELF Electric Fields.- 9.4 Human Reactions to AC Electric Field-Induced Shock.- 9.5 Time-Varying Magnetic Field Induction.- 9.6 Principles of Excitation by Time-Varying Magnetic Fields.- 9.7 Experimental Investigations of Magnetic Excitation: Large Area Exposure.- 9.8 Visual and Auditory Reactions to Electromagnetic Exposure.- 9.9 Local Magnetic Stimulation.- 9.10 Scales of Reaction: Power Frequency.- 9.11 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges.- 10 High-Voltage and High-Current Injuries.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Modes of Injury.- 10.3 Impedance Considerations and Current Distribution in the Body.- 10.4 Thermal Trauma.- 10.5 Nonthermal Trauma.- 10.6 Lightning Injuries.- 10.7 Clinical Observations.- 10.8 Clinical Treatment.- 11 Standards and Rationale.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Electromagnetic Field Exposure Standards.- 11.3 Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields.- 11.4 Consideration of Spark Discharges in EMF Standards.- 11.5 Absorbed Energy and Thermal Considerations in EMF Standards.- 11.6 Consideration of EMF Interaction Mechanisms in Standards Setting.- 11.7 ELF Magnetic Field Standards Derived from Established Mechanisms.- 11.8 Standards in Consumer Products and Installations.- References.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9780387984070
  • Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Publisher Imprint: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Depth: 32
  • Language: English
  • Returnable: N
  • Spine Width: 38 mm
  • Weight: 992 gr
  • ISBN-10: 0387984070
  • Publisher Date: 21 Aug 1998
  • Binding: Hardback
  • Height: 235 mm
  • No of Pages: 563
  • Series Title: Studies in British Literature; 37
  • Sub Title: From Electrical Stimulation to Electropathology
  • Width: 155 mm


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