This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1907 Excerpt: ...inches in section, laid directly on the ground with the studs, the floor beams resting on top. As the load that such a foundation will carry is limited by the com Fig. 3. Typical dwelling house foundation. A wall of rubble masonry. The next step in the development of the foundation which has been built oftener than any other is that of the ordinary dwelling house, Fig. 3. It is merely a wall, usually of rubble masonry, brick or concrete, 16 inches thick, or more as shown. It is generally started somewhat below the cellar floor and extends above the ground level. For ordinary frame houses the thickness required for the cellar walls usually gives sufficient bearing on the ground; but it is better to start them on a wider footing course. It will be clearly seen that this is a direct development of the shed and barn foundation, the improvement being the solid masonry wall started below the frost line. For larger buildings where the weight would overload such a foundation a wider footing is obtained by offsetting the foundation walls (Fig. 4), giving a Fig. 5. The steel grillage foundation, de-signed for a high office building rest-ing on quick sand. much wider bearing on the ground and proportionately increasing the weight which may be safely carried. This is known as a spread footing, which should not be sloped more than 30 degrees with the vertical. If the offsets may be made equal on both sides any width of footing may be obtained by going deep enough, the only limit being the volume of masonry required. The economical limit of the spread footing when resting on ordinary ground is reached when a building exceeds five to seven stories. If owing to adjoining buildings the wall may be offset only on one side the effective limit of offset is reached when the foo...