The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing worldwide, and the search for better management of these diseases and even for a cure is being pursued by scientists from many disciplines. Tools from the areas of genetics, neuroscience, cell biology, virology, and infectious disease are being applied to the problem and are yielding useful results. This is the second volume of a series of four on autoimmunity, and findings related to particular organs, organ systems, and diseases are presented. The focus in Part B is on genetics and advances in treatment. Part A presents new principles in autoimmunity and new diagnostic tools. See Parts C and D for clinical venues in autoimmunity. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

Table of Contents:
Foreword: M. Eric Gershwin and Yehuda Shoenfeld. . Part I: Genetics and Autoimmunity:. 1. Recent Advances in the Genetics of Autoimmune Diseases: Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme. 2. Immunoglobulin-Like Transcripts as Risk Genes for Autoimmunity: Gamze Kabalak, Silke Koch, Baukje Dobberstein, Yu-Han The, Torsten Matthias, Sebastian Schnarr, Reinhold E. Schmidt, Torsten Witte. 3. Genetic Polymorphisms of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 Promoter and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis in Japanese Patients: Kentaro Kikuchi, Atsushi Tanaka, Masanao Matsushita, Eriko Kitazawa, Naomi Hosoya, Yumi Kawashima, Carlo Selmi, M. Eric Gershwin, Hiroshi Miyakawa. 4. Genetic Background of Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Autoantibody Production in Hungarian Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Gyula Poór, Zsolt B. Nagy, Zsuzsanna Schmidt, Márta Brózik, Katalin Merétey, Péter Gergely Jr. 5. Profiling Meta-Analysis Reveals Primarily Gene Co-Expression Concordance Between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Guilherme L. Silva, Cristina M. Junta, Stephano S. Mello, Paula S. Garcia, Diane M. Rassi, Elza T. Sakamoto-Hojo, Eduardo A. Donadi, Geraldo A.S. Passos. 6. Role of the Interferon-Inducible Gene IFI16 in the Etiopathogenesis of Systemic Autoimmune Disorders: Michele Mondini, Matteo Vidali, Paolo Airò, Marco De Andrea, Piersandro Riboldi, Pier Luigi Meroni, Marisa Gariglio, Santo Landolfo. 7. The X Chromosome in Female Predominant Autoimmune Diseases: Pietro Invernizzi. 8. PolyI:C Induction of Diabetes is Controlled by Iddm4 in Rats with a Full Regulatory T-Cell Pool: Lars Hornum, Dorthe Lundsgaard, Helle Markholst. 9. Nitric Oxide Signaling Triggered by the Rheumatoid Arthritis Shared Epitope: A New Paradigm for MHC-Disease Association?: Joseph Holoshitz, Song Ling. 10. X Monosomy in Female Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pietro Invernizzi, Monica Miozzo, Sabine Oertelt-Prigione, Pier Luigi Meroni, Luca Persani, Carlo Selmi, Pier Maria Battezzati, Massimo Zuin, Simona Lucchi, Bianca Marasini, Silvana Zeni, Mitchell Watnik, Silvia Tabano, Silvia Maitz, Simone Pasini, M. Eric Gershwin, Mauro Podda. 11. MICA Gene Polymorphism in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabets. By G. Gambelunghe, A. Brozzetti, M. Ghaderi, P. Candeloro, C. Tortoioli, A. Falorni. 12. Gene Vaccination for the Induction of Immune Tolerance: Francesca Ferrera, Antonio La Cava, Marta Rizzi, Bevra H. Hahn, Francesco Indiveri, Gilberto Filaci. 13. “B27 Disease” is a New Autoimmune Disease That Affects Millions of People: Alan Ebringer, Taha Rashid. 14. HCV-Related Disorders: Role of the HLA Class II: Valli De Re, Laura Caggiari, Maria Paola Simula, Salvatore De Vita, Cesare Mazzaro, Marco Lenzi, Massimo Galli M. Giuseppe Monti, Clodoveo Ferri, Anna Linda Zignego, Armando Gabrielli, Domenico Sansonno, Franco Dammacco, Massimo Libra, Nicoletta Sacchi, Renato Talamini, Michele Spina, Umberto Tirelli, Renato Cannizzaro, Riccardo Dolcetti. 15. A Genome-Wide Study of Lupus: Preliminary Analysis and Data Release: Alessandra C.L. Cervino, Nicholas F. Tsinoremas, Robert W. Hoffman. 16. Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus with Adult Onset and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children Have Different Genetic Predispositions: Marie Cerna, Katarina Kolostova, Peter Novota, Marianna Romzova, Pavlina Cejkova, Daniela Pinterova, Stepanka Pruhova, Ludmila Treslova, Michal Andel. 17. Genetic Control of Immune Response in Carriers of the 8.1 Ancestral Haplotype: Correlation with Levels of IgG subclasses. Its Relevance in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease: Giuseppina Candore, Anna Maria Campagna, Irne Cuppari, Daniele Di Carlo, Claudia Mineo, Calogero Caruso. 18. Genetic Dissection of Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2-Common Origin of a Spectrum of Phenotypes: Annalisa Ballarini, Min Ae Lee-Kirsch. 19. Association of the 5A/6A Promoter polymorphism of the MMP-3 Gene with the Radiographic Progression of Rheumatooid Arthritis: Petr Nemec, Monika Pavkova-Goldbergova, Jindra Gatterova, Anna Vasku, Miroslav Soucek. 20. Genotypic Approaches to Therapy in Children (GATC): A National Active Surveillance Network to Study the Pharmacogenomics of Severe Adverse Drug Reactions in Children: Colin J.D. Ross, Bruce Carleton, Dana G. Warn, Sunita B. Stenton, Shahrad Rod Rassekh, Michael R. Hayden. 21. Thyroid Epigenetics: X Chromosome Inactivation in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Xiaoming Yin, Rauf Latif, Yaron Tomer, Terry F. Davies. 22. Genetics and New Treatment Modalities for Familial Mediterranean Fever: Anupama Bhat, Stanley M. Naguwa, M. Eric Gershwin. . Part II: Treatment:. 23. MMF (Mycophenolate Mofetil) and Atheroclerosis: Results of Animal and Human Studies: William Thomas Gibson , Michael Reuben Hayden. 24. T Cell Receptor Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases. By Keishi Fujio, Tomohisa Okamura, Akiko Okamoto, Kazuhiko Yamamoto. 25. CD44 Involvement in Autoimmune Inflammations: The Lesson to be Learned from CD44-Targeting by Antibody or from Knock Out Mice: David Naor, Shlomo Nedvetzki, Marita Walmsley, Avner Yayon, Eva A. Turley, Ira Golan, Dan Caspi, Lora Eshkar Sebban, Yehiel Zick, Tali Garin, Dimitrios Karussis, Nathalie Assayag-Asherie, Itamar Raz, Lola Weiss, Shimon Slavin, Itshak Golan. 26. Efficacy of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy: Jean-Marc Leger, Steven Vargas, Isabelle Lievens. 27. New Autoantibodies in Paediatric Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome: A. Kirsten, S. Beck, V. Fühlhuber, M. Kaps, T. Kreutz, M. Korfei, S. Schmitt, K.T. Preissner, F. Blaes. 28. Current State of Biologicals in the Management of Systemic Vasculitis: Peter Lamprecht, Andreas Till, Jörg Steinmann, Peer M. Aries, Wolfgang L. Gross. 29. Interstitial Lung Disease Assocaited with Systemic Sclerosis: What is the Evidence for an Efficacy of Cyclophosphamide?: Alice Bérezné, Dominique Valeyre, Brigitte Ranque, Loïc Guillevin, Luc Mouthon. 30. Treatment of Autoimmune Disease with Rabbit Anti-T Lymphocyte Globulin (rATG): Clinical Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms of Action: Simon D. Lytton, Christopher P. Denton, Achim Nutzenberger. 31. Bromocriptine During Pregnancy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. A Pilot Clinical Trial: Luis J. Jara, Polita Cruz-Cruz, Miguel A. Saavedra, Gabriela Medina, Adriana Garciá-Flores, Ulises Angeles, Juan M. Miranda-Limòn. 32. Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma: Jacob Schachter, Uriel Katz, Arie Mahrer, Dov Barak, Liat Ziegel Ben David, Jacob Nusbacher, Yehuda Shoenfeld. 33. Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction During Intravenous Immunoglobulin Infusion: Alon Barsheshet, Ibrahim Marai, Shmulik Appel, Eyal Zimlichman. 34. Autoantibody Production in Anti-TNF Alpha-treated Patients: Cristiano Alessandri, Rossana Scrivo, Francesca Romana Spinelli, Fulvia Ceccarelli, Leonardo Magrini, Roberta Priori, Guido Valesini. 35. Anti-IL-17 Auto-vaccination Prevents Clinical and Histological Manifestations of Experimental Auto-immune Encephalomyelitis: Catherine Uyttenhove, Caroline Sommereyns, Ivan Théate, Thomas Michiels, Jacques Van Snick. 36. Human Immunoglobulins in Intraocular Inflammation. By Zéra Tellier. 37. Fermented Wheat Germ Extract (Avemar) Inhibits Adjuvant Arthritis: Andras Telekes, Akos Resetar, Geza Balint, Gabor Blazso, Gyorgy Falkay, Karoly Lapis, Erzsebet Raso, Bela Szende, Michael Ehrenfeld, Yehuda Shoenfeld, Mate Hidvegi. 38. Allogenic Mixed Chimerism Induced by Non-Lymphoablative Regimen Including Donor BMT with Low-dose TBI and Anti-CD40L Cured Proliferative Glomerulonephritis in Lupus Mice: Emiko Takeuchi, Yasuo Takeuchi. 39. Interleukin 20 as Target in Psoriasis Treatment. By Karin Stenderup, Cecilia Rosada, Anne Worsaae, Jes Thorn Clausen, Tomas Norman Dam. 40. Targeting Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 to Treat Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: David J. Smith, Petri J. Vainio. 41: Rapid and Deep Control of Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Infliximab and its Correlation with Acute Phase Reactants: J.J. Scali, S. Visentini, J. Salomón, D. Sevilla, Y.C. Ju, E. Morales, L. Ugarte, A. Tachdjian, G. Pacheco, S. Veiga. 42. Dual Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and Aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) Supresses Inflammatory Immune Responses: Dirk Reinhold, Aliza Biton, Alexander Goihl, Stephanie Pieper, Uwe Lendexkel, Jürgen Faust, Klaus Neubert, Ute Bank,Michael Täger, Siegfried Ansorge, Stefan Brocke. 43. Harnassing Autoimmunity (Vitiligo) to Treat Melanoma a Myth or Reality?: Maya Ram, Yehuda Shoenfeld. 44. Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Cytokines: Focus on Tumour Necrosis Factor Family Members BAFF and APRIL: Laëtitia Le Pottier, Tal Sapir, Boutahar Bendaoud, Pierre Youinou, Yehuda Shoenfeld, Jacques-Olivier Pers. 45. Mycophenolate Mofetil: Role in the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis: L. Grcevska, M. Milovanceva Popovska, S. Dzikiva, V. Ristovska, M. Polenakovic. 46. Impact of Steroids on Hepatits C Virus Replication in Vivo and in Vitro: Scot D. Henry, Herold J. Metselaar, Jeroen van Dijck, Hugi W. Tilanus, Luc J.W. van der Laan. 47. Therapeutic Challenges for Sustemic Sclerosis: Facts and Future Targets: M. Matucci Cerinic, Angela Del Rosso, Federico Perfetto, Riccardo Livi, Ginevra Fiori, Francesca Bartoli, Jelena Blagojevic, Alessio Tempestini, Alberto Pignone. 48. Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Severe Autoimmune Diseases a Ten Year Experience: F. Gualandi, B. Bruno, M.T. van Lint, S. Luchetti, A. Uccelli, E. Capello, G.L. Mancardi, A. Bacigalupo, A. Marmont. 49. Natalizumab in Treatment of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis – First Experience: Mareckova Helena, Havrdova Eva, Krasulova Eva, Vankova Zdenka, Koberová Michaela, Sterzl Ivan. 50. Anti-TNF-a Therapy in Seven Patients with Behçet Uveitis: Advantages and Controversial Aspects: S. Tognon, G. Graziani, R. Marcolongo. 51. Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Liver Disease: Patricia F. Lalor, Ceren Tuncer, Chris Weston, Azucena Martin-Santos, David J. Smith, David H. Adams. 52. IVIG in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: A Mechanistic Perspective: Sophie Sibéril, Sriramulu Elluru, Stéphanie Graff-Dubois, Vir-Singh Negi, Sandrine Delignat, Luc Mouthon, Sébastian Lacroix-Desmazes, Michel D. Kazatchkine, Jagadeesh Bayry, Srini V. Kaveri. 53. Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma: Jacob Schachter, Uriel Katz, Arie Mahrer, Dov Barak, Liat Ziegel Ben David, Jacob Nusbacher, Yehuda Shoenfeld. 54. Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Autoimmune Disease: Tariq el-Shanawany, Stephen Jolles. 55. Mycophenolate Mofetil in Lupus Glomerulonephritis: Effectiveness and Tolerability: Luca Iaccarino, Silvia Arienti, Maria Elisa Rampudda, Maria Grazia Canova, Fabiola Atzeni, Piercarlo Sarzi Puttini, Andrea Doria. 56. Are Neuropeptides Important in Arthritis? Studies on the Importance of Bombesin/GRP and Substance P in a Murine Arthritis Model: O. Grimsholm, Y.Z. Guo, T. Ny, S Rantapää-Dahlqvist, S. Forsgren. 57. A Long Term Follow-up After Cardiac Transplantation in a Lupus Patient: Case Report and Review of the Literature: N. Tweezer-Zaks, G. Zandman-Goddard, M. Liar, Y. Har-Zahav, A. Livneh, P. Langevitz. 58. Experience with Cyclosporine-A in Patients Affected by Rheumatological Disorders and Concomitant HCV Infection: Mauro Galeazzi, Francesca Bellisai, Chiara Giannitti, Stefania Manganelli, Gabriella Morozzi, Gian Domenico Sebastiani. 59. Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis (EAMG) By Intravenous Immmunoglobulin (IVIG) and Isolation of a Disease-Specific IgG Fraction: Sara Fuchs, Tali Feferman, Kai-Yun Zhu, Roberto Meidler, Raanan Margalit, Ningshan Wang, Orgad Laub, Miriam C. Souroujon. 60. Fetomaternal Alloimmunization with Antenatal Glomerulopathies: Hanna Debiec, Pierre Ronco. 61. Attenuation of Colon Carcinoma Tumor Spread by Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): Maya Damianovich, Arieh Sorin Solomon, Miri Blank, Yehuda Shoenfeld. 62. Effective Therapy with Anti-TNF-a in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis Is Associated To Decreased Levels of Metalloproteinases and Angiogenic Cytokines and in the Sera and Skin Lesions: Paola Cordiali-Fei, Elisabetta Trento, Giovanna D’Agosto, Valentina Bordignon, Anna Mussi, Marco Ardigò, Antonio Mastroianni, Antonella Vento, Francesco Solivetti, Enzo Berardesca, Fabrizio Ensoli. 63. Treatment of BXSB-Yaa Mice with IL21R-Fc Fusion Protein Minimally Attenuates SLE Disease: J.A. Bubier, S.M. Bennett, T.J. Sproule, B.L. Lyons, S. Olland, D.A. Young, D.C. Roopenian. 64. Applying Embryo-Derived Immune Tolerance to the Treatment of Immune Disorders: Eytan R. Barnea. 65. A Modified Vaccination Technique for the Prevention and Treatment of An Experimental Autoimmune Kidney Disease: Arpad Zsigmond Barabas, Chad Douglas Cole, Arpad David Barabas, Rene Lafreniere. 66. A New Orally Bioavailable Synthetic Androstene Inhibits Collagen Induced Arthritis in the Mouse: Androstene Hormones as Regulators of Regulatory T Cells: D. Auci, L. Kaler, J. Frincke, C. Reading, H. Offner. 67. Mechanism of Action of IFN-b in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Special Reference to CD73 and Adenosine: Laura Airas, Jussi Niemelä, Gennady Yegutkin, Sirpa Jalkanen. 68. Impact of Treatment with Infliximab on Serum Cytokine Profile of Patients with Rheumatoid and Psoriatic Arthritis: Howard Amital, Vivian Barak, Robert E. Winkler, Alan Rubinow. 69. Probiotic Supplementation with Lactobacillus Casei (Actimel) Induces a Th1 Response in an Animal Model of Antiphospholipid Syndrone: H. Amital, B. Gilburd, Y. Shoenfeld. 70. Statins as Immunomodulators in Systemic Sclerosis: Anna Abou-Raya, Suzan Abou-Raya, Madihah Helmii. 71. Self-Reactivity in the Dimeric IVIg Fraction: Alexander Schaub, Sandra Wymann, Manfred Heller, Narco Ghielmetti, Zsuzsanne Beleznay, Beda M. Stadler, Reinhard Bollo, Sylvia Miescher. 72. Effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulins On Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Activation In Vitro: Michael Sticherling, Henning Trawinski