A Ready Reference for C++
C++ for the Impatient offers both the quickest way for busy programmers to learn the latest features of the C++ language and a handy resource for quickly finding answers to specific language questions. Designed to give you the most accurate and up-to-date information you require fast and to the point, this book is also an essential guide to the new C++11 standard, including advanced uses of the C++ standard library.
Features include · Concise descriptions of nearly every function, object, and operator in the C++ core language and standard library, with clear, well-chosen examples for each of them
· Information provided “at a glance” through syntax displays, tables, and summaries of important functions
· Content organized for quick look-up of needed information
· Simple explanations of advanced concepts, using helpful illustrations
· Complete program examples that are both useful and intriguing, including puzzles, games, and challenging exercises
C++11 features, all covered in the book, include:
· Lambdas
· rvalue references
· Regular-expression library
· Randomization library
· Hash-table containers
· Smart pointers
C++ for the Impatient is an ideal resource for anyone who needs to come up to speed quickly on C++11. Whether or not it’s your first C++ book, it will be one you come back to often for reliable answers.
Table of Contents:
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxvii
About the Author xxix
Chapter 1: C++ Fundamentals 1
1.1 Elements of a C++ Program 1
1.2 Dealing with “Flashing Console” 4
1.3 Working with Microsoft Visual Studio 5
1.4 Doing More with C++ 6
1.5 Adding Simple Variable Declarations 7
1.6 Introduction to C++ Control Structures 10
1.6.1 Making Decisions with “if” 11
1.6.2 Looping with “while” 13
1.7 General Structure of a C++ Program 14
1.8 More about Namespaces 15
1.9 Some Comments about Comments 17
1.9.1 C++ Comments (Line Comments) 17
1.9.2 C-Language-Style Comments 17
1.10 Sample App: Adding Machine 19
Exercises 20
1.11 Sample App: Calculating Phi 20
Exercises 23
Chapter 2: Data 25
2.1 Declaring Simple Variables 25
2.2 Primitive Data Types 27
2.3 Symbolic Names (“Symbols”) 30
2.4 Numeric Literals 31
2.5 Mixing Numeric Types 33
2.5.1 Integer versus Floating Point 34
2.5.2 bool versus Integer Types 34
2.5.3 Signed versus Unsigned Integers 35
2.6 String and Character Literals 39
2.6.1 Single-Quoted Characters 39
2.6.2 Double-Quoted Strings 40
2.6.3 Special Characters (Escape Sequences) 41
2.6.4 Wide-Character Strings 45
2.6.5 Raw String Literals (C++11) 46
2.7 Data Declarations: The Complete Syntax 46
2.8 Enumerated Types 50
2.9 Special Declarations (typedef, auto, decltype) 52
2.9.1 The typedef Keyword 52
2.9.2 The auto and decltype Keywords (C++11) 53
2.10 Sample App: Type Promotion 54
Exercises 55
Chapter 3: Operators 57
3.1 Precedence, Associativity, and Lvalues 57
3.2 Concise Summary of Operators 59
3.3 Operators in Detail 62
3.4 The Great Controversy: Postfix or Prefix? 77
3.5 Bitwise Operators in Detail 78
3.6 Cast Operators 82
Exercises 90
Chapter 4: Control Structures 91
4.1 Concise Summary of C++ Statements 91
4.2 Null Statements (;) and Expression Statements 93
4.3 Compound Statements 94
4.4 if and if-else Statements 96
4.5 while and do-while Statements 98
4.6 for Statements 99
4.7 Range-based for Statements (C++11) 101
4.8 switch Statements 103
4.9 Jump Statements (break, continue, goto) 104
4.10 Exception Handling (try, catch) 106
4.11 Sample App: Guess-the-Number Game 111
Exercises 113
4.12 Sample App: Computer Guesses the Number 113
Exercises 115
Chapter 5: Functions 117
5.1 Overview of Traditional (Named) Functions 117
5.2 Local and Global Variables 122
5.3 Complete Function Declaration Syntax 124
5.4 Function Overloading 126
5.5 Arguments with Default Values 128
5.6 Variable-Length Argument Lists 129
5.7 Lambda, or Anonymous, Functions (C++11) 131
5.8 constexpr Functions (C++11) 141
5.9 Sample App: Odds at Dice 142
Exercises 145
Chapter 6: Pointers, Arrays, and References 147
6.1 References 147
6.2 Arrays 152
6.3 Pointers 159
6.4 Complex Declarations Involving Pointers 175
6.5 Passing and Returning Function Pointers 178
6.6 Smart Pointers (C++11) 180
6.7 Sample App: Sieve of Eratosthenes 186
Exercises 188
Chapter 7: Classes and Objects 189
7.1 Overview: Structures, Unions, and Classes 189
7.2 Basic Class Declaration Syntax 191
7.3 Constructors 205
7.4 Destructors 216
7.5 The Hidden “this” Pointer 217
7.6 Operator Functions (Op Overloading) 218
7.7 Deriving Classes (Subclassing) 229
7.8 Bit Fields 240
7.9 Unions 242
7.10 Sample App: Packed Boolean 245
Exercises 248
Chapter 8: Preprocessor Directives 249
8.1 General Syntax of Preprocessor Directives 249
8.2 Summary of Preprocessor Directives 250
8.3 Using Directives to Solve Specific Problems 254
8.3.1 Creating Meaningful Symbols with #define 254
8.4 Preprocessor Operators 259
8.5 Predefined Macros 260
8.6 Creating Project Header Files 263
Chapter 9: Creating and Using Templates 265
9.1 Templates: Syntax and Overview 265
9.2 Function Templates 267
9.3 Class Templates 272
9.4 Class Templates with Member Functions 276
9.4.1 Class Templates with Inline Member Functions 276
9.4.2 Class Templates with Separate Function Definitions 276
9.5 Using Integer Template Parameters 278
9.6 Template Specialization 279
9.7 Variadic Templates (C++11) 281
9.8 Sample App: Type Promotion, v 2 288
Exercises 289
Chapter 10: C-String Library Functions 291
10.1 Overview of the C-String Format 291
10.2 Input and Output with C-Strings 293
10.3 C-String Functions 294
10.4 String Tokenizing with strtok 300
10.5 Individual-Character Functions 301
10.6 Memory-Block Functions (memcpy, and so on) 304
10.7 Wide-Character Functions (wstrcpy, and so on) 306
Chapter 11: C I/O Library Functions 309
11.1 Overview of C Library I/O 309
11.2 Console I/O Functions 310
11.3 Print/Scan Formats 313
11.4 Input and Output to Strings 321
11.5 File I/O 321
Chapter 12: Math, Time, and Other Library Functions 333
12.1 Trigonometric Functions 333
12.2 Other Math Functions 336
12.3 The C Date and Time Library 339
12.4 String-to-Number Conversions 347
12.5 Memory-Allocation Functions 348
12.6 Standard C Randomization Functions 350
12.7 Searching and Sorting Functions 351
12.8 Other Standard C Library Functions 355
12.9 Sample App: Idiot Savant 358
Exercises 359
Chapter 13: C++ I/O Stream Classes 361
13.1 The Basics of C++ I/O Streams 361
13.2 Reading a Line of Input with getline 364
13.3 The C++ Stream-Class Hierarchy 366
13.4 Stream Objects: Manipulators and Flags 368
13.5 Stream Member Functions (General Purpose) 379
13.6 File Stream Operations 385
13.7 Reading and Writing String Streams 395
13.8 Overloading Shift Operators for Your Classes 398
13.9 Sample App: Text File Reader 400
Exercises 401
Chapter 14: The C++ STL String Class 403
14.1 Overview of the String Class 403
14.2 String Class Constructors 405
14.3 String Class Operators 406
14.4 Concise Summary of Member Functions 410
14.5 Member Functions in Detail 410
14.6 String Class Iterators 424
14.7 Wide-Character String Class (basic_string) 430
Chapter 15: Introduction to STL (vector, deque) 431
15.1 A Tour of the Container Templates 431
15.2 Introduction to Iterators 433
15.3 The vector Template 434
15.4 The deque Template 447
15.5 The bitset Template 458
15.5.1 bitset Constructors 459
15.6 Sample App: Alpha File Organizer 461
Exercises 463
Chapter 16: STL Sequence Containers (List) 465
16.1 Sorting Elements (Strict Weak Ordering) 465
16.2 The list Template 466
16.2.3 Concise Summary of list Functions 471
16.2.4 List Member Functions in Detail 472
16.3 The stack Template 481
16.4 The queue Template 484
16.5 The priority_queue Template 487
16.6 Sample App: Find the Median 491
Exercises 493
Chapter 17: STL Associated Containers (map, set) 495
17.1 The pair Template 495
17.2 The map Template 497
17.3 The set Template 518
17.4 The multimap Template 529
17.5 The multiset Template 532
17.6 Unordered Containers (C++11) 534
17.7 Sample App: Guess-the-Word Game 543
Exercises 545
Chapter 18: STL Algorithms 547
18.1 STL Algorithms: General Concepts 547
18.2 Using Lambda Functions (C++11) 550
18.3 Algorithms and Iterators 551
18.4 Insert Iterators 553
18.5 Sample App: Finding the Median 555
18.6 Concise Summaries of Algorithms 556
18.7 Detailed Descriptions of Algorithms 564
Chapter 19: C++11 Randomization Library 599
19.1 Issues in Randomization 599
19.2 A Better Randomization Scheme 601
19.3 Common Engines 604
19.4 Common Distributions 605
19.5 Operations on Engines 608
19.6 Operations on Distributions 609
19.7 Sample App: Dice Game 610
Exercises 612
Chapter 20: C++11 Regular-Expression Library 613
20.1 Overview of C++11 Regular Expressions 613
20.2 Dealing with Escape Sequences (Ä) 616
20.3 Constructing a RegEx String 618
20.4 Matching and Searching Functions 624
20.5 “Find All,” or Iterative, Searches 626
20.6 Replacing Text 628
20.7 String Tokenizing 630
20.8 Catching RegEx Exceptions 631
20.9 Sample App: RPN Calculator 632
Exercises 635
Appendix A: A Painless Introduction to Rvalue References (C++11) 637
A.1 The Trouble with Copying 637
A.2 Move Semantics: C++11 to the Rescue! 640
A.3 Rvalue Refs in a User’s String Class 642
A.4 Verifying Runtime-Performance Improvement 645
A.5 Rvalues and Contained Objects 646
A.6 References Reconsidered: Rvalues and Lvalues 646
Appendix B: Summary of New Features in C++11 649
B.1 Improvements in Object Construction 649
B.2 Other Core-Language Enhancements 650
B.3 Other New Keywords 651
B.4 Extensions to the Standard Library 652
Appendix C: ASCII Codes 655
Index 659
