Awash in a sea of rum describes the years between the 1670s and the 1830s in the colonies that would later become Canada. Millions of litres of the sugar-based liquor were imported every year to supply a comparatively small population of colonists and Indigenous people. Why rum, and why so much?

Rum was cheap and plentiful. Intimately connected to the West Indian slave plantation complex, rum shipped to early Canada and around the Atlantic World was part of the early modern expansion of intercontinental trade known as the first globalization. Canada in the Age of Rum shows what happened to the vast quantities that came to Canadian shores. Rum was especially important to workers in the early Canadian staples industries. Fishermen and fur-trade voyageurs drank rum in massive quantities, supplied on credit and at grossly inflated prices by their employers, an arrangement that served to claw back wages and ensure the profitability of enterprises that would not have been viable otherwise. Traders deliberately sought to get hunting peoples hooked on rum in order to ensure a steady supply of pelts – alcohol was not so much a commodity for sale as it was a gift used to induce hunters to conform to the ways of the capitalist economy. However, Indigenous people drank rum in their own ways and for their own reasons; and when drinking became a serious social problem, they organized to resist it. The story ends in the 1830s when the combined effects of the temperance movement and the rise of whisky led to a sharp decline in rum consumption.

This brilliant history follows the thread of a single commodity from West Indian plantations to Newfoundland, Quebec, and the west, revealing rum as a critical lubricant of the social life of early Canada and its particular version of early capitalism.

Tables, Figures, and Plates / ix
Preface / xiii

1 The Age of Rum: Capitalism, Slavery, and Empire / 3

2 Drinking on the Job: The Atlantic Cod Fishery / 24

3 New France: The Water of Life / 44

4 Rum Conquers Quebec / 60

5 The North West Company / 79

6 Indigenous Rum / 105

7 The End of the Age of Rum / 128

Appendix 1: Measurements / 143

Appendix 2: Rum Imports, Port of Saint John, New Brunswick, 1792–1819 / 144

Appendix 3: Alcohol Imports, New France / 145

Appendix 4: Rum and Molasses Imports, Quebec, 1765–86, in gallons / 147

Appendix 5: Rum Shipped from Montreal for the Western Fur Trade, 1781–90 / 149

Notes / 151
Bibliography / 171
Index / 193