The Celtic languages and groups called Keltoi (i.e. ‘Celts’) emerge into our written records at the pre-Roman Iron Age. The impetus for this book is to explore from the perspectives of three disciplines—archaeology, genetics, and linguistics—the background in later European prehistory to these developments. There is a traditional scenario, according to which, Celtic speech and the associated group identity came in to being during the Early Iron Age in the north Alpine zone and then rapidly spread across central and western Europe. This idea of ‘Celtogenesis’ remains deeply entrenched in scholarly and popular thought. But it has become increasingly difficult to reconcile with recent discoveries pointing towards origins in the deeper past. It should no longer be taken for granted that Atlantic Europe during the 2nd and 3rd millennia BC were pre-Celtic or even pre-Indo-European. The explorations in Celtic from the West 3 are drawn together in this spirit, continuing two earlier volumes in the influential series.

Table of Contents:
 Introduction BARRY CUNLIFFE & JOHN T. KOCH 1 part I: Archaeology 1. Behind the Warriors: Bell Beakers and Identities in Atlantic Europe (3rd millennium BC) Laure Salanova 13 2. The Lost Cultures of the Halberd Bearers: a non-Beaker ideology in later 3rd millennium Atlantic Europe stuart needham 40 3. Closed for Business or Cultural Change? Tracing the re-use and final blocking of megalithic tombs during the Beaker period catriona d. Gibson 83 4. Copper mining, Prospection, and the Beaker Phenomenon in Wales—the significance of the Banc Tynddol gold disc Simon Timberlake 111 5. Burial Practices in Ireland during the Late 3rd millennium BC— connecting new ideologies with local expressions kerri cleary 139 6. Stelae, Funerary Practice, and Group Identities in the Bronze and Iron Ages of SW Iberia: a moyenne durée perspective Dirk brandherm 179 7. Language Shift and Political Context in Late Bronze Age Ireland: some implications of hillfort chronology William O’Brien 201 8. Metal, Metalwork, and Specialization: the chemical composition of British Bronze Age swords in context Peter Bray 229 9. Emerging Settlement Monumentality in North Wales during the Late Bronze and Iron Age: the case of Meillionydd Raimund Karl 247 10. Ephemeral Abundance at Llanmaes: Exploring the residues and resonances of an Earliest Iron Age midden and its associated archaeological context in the Vale of Glamorgan Adam Gwilt, Mark Lodwick, Jody Deacon, Nicholas Wells, Richard Madgwick, & Tim Young 277 [ v ] FRONT MATTER CW3.indd 5 15/01/2016 15:52:40 part II: Genetics 11. The Genetic Structure of the British Populations and their Surnames Bruce J. Winney & Walter F. Bodmer 305 12. Archaeogenetic and Palaeogenetic Evidence for Metal Age Mobility in Europe Maria Pala, Pedro Soares, & Martin B. Richards 321 part III: Linguistics 13. Archaeology and Language Shift in Atlantic Europe J. P. Mallory 345 14. The Question of a Hamito-Semitic Substratum in Insular Celtic and Celtic from the West Steve Hewitt 365 15. Phoenicians in the West and the Break-up of the Atlantic Bronze Age and Proto-Celtic JOHN T. KOCH 383 16. Ancient Personal Names in the Iberian Peninsula and Parallels in Celtic Inscribed Artefacts from Early Medieval Britain and Ireland Fernando Fernández Palacios 429 17. ancillary study: Sound Change, the Italo-Celtic Linguistic Unity, and the Italian Homeland of Celtic Peter Schrijver 465 18. ancillary study: Celtic as Vasconized Indo-European? Three structural arguments Theo Vennemann 475 Index 495