Changes in Eukaryotic Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Stress focuses on various aspects of eukaryotic cell's response to heat stress (shock) and other stress stimuli. This book is organized into two major sections, encompassing 17 chapters that reflect the emphasis on research utilizing Drosophila, a variety of animal systems, and plants. This book first provides a brief introduction to the organization, sequences, and induction of heat shock proteins and related genes. It then describes the control of transcription during heat shock from the standpoint of molecular biology and evolutionary variations of the mechanisms in organisms with diverse metabolic needs. It goes on to discuss the issue of coordinate and noncoordinate responses of heat shock genes. It presents a model for post-transcriptional regulation on certain aspects of coordinate and noncoordinate regulations. Chapters 6-12 discuss heat shock proteins and genes and the effects of stress on gene expression of sea urchin, avian, and mammalian cells. The second part of the book focuses on the physiological role of heat shock proteins and genes in plants and fungi. It includes a discussion on experimental problems encountered during studies of the mechanisms of inhibition of photosynthesis by unfavorable environmental conditions. The changes in transcription and translation of specific mRNAs in the developing embryo during heat shock at various temperatures are described. The concluding chapters deal with heat shock response in plants, particularly the response in soybeans and maize, covering both physiological and molecular analyses. Research scientists, clinicians, and agriculturists will greatly benefit from the information presented in this book.

Table of Contents:
Contributors Preface I. Animals 1 Organization, Sequences, and Induction of Heat Shock Genes I. Introduction II. Organization and Sequences III. Induction References 2 Mechanism of Transcriptional Control during Heat Shock I. Introduction II. Phenomenology of Transcriptional Control III. Identification of Regulatory Mechanism IV. Transcriptional Induction in Vitro V. Nature of Inducer VI. Mechanism of Transcriptional Control References 3 Mechanism of Translational Control in Heat-Shocked Drosophila Cells I. Introduction II. Studies of Translational Control in Intact Drosophila Cells III. Studies Using Cell-Free Translation Systems IV. Studies Defining the Steps at Which Protein Synthesis Is Altered in Heat-Shocked Cells V. Summary References 4 Coordinate and Noncoordinate Gene Expression during Heat Shock: A Model for Regulation I. Introduction II. Basic Features of Heat Shock Response III. Major Control Points of Heat Shock Gene Regulation IV. Distinction between Coordinate and Noncoordinate Aspects of Regulation V. Other Recent Findings Relevant to Regulation VI. A Model for Regulation References 5 Intracellular Localization and Possible Functions of Heat Shock Proteins I. Introduction II. Biochemical Studies on Heat Shock Protein Localization III. Immunocytochemical Localization of Heat Shock Proteins IV. Putative Function of Heat Shock Proteins V. Summary References B. Other Animals 6 Heat Shock Proteins in Sea Urchin Development I. Introduction II. Heat Treatment of Embryos at Gastrula Stage III. Heat Treatment of Embryos at Different Developmental Stages IV. Fate of the Heat Shock Proteins after Reversal to Normal Protein Synthesis V. Heat Shock Protein Synthesis in Dissociated Cells VI. Tissue Specificity in the Production of Heat Shock Proteins VII. Intracellular Location of Heat Shock Proteins VIII. Bulk Protein Synthesis Inhibition after Heating IX. Dependence of Heat Shock Protein Synthesis on Synthesis of Corresponding mRNA's References 7 Heat Shock Gene Expression during Early Animal Development I. Introduction II. Sea Urchin III. Xenopus laevis IV. Mouse and Rabbit Preimplantation Embryos V. Conclusions References 8 Effects of Stress on the Gene Expression of Amphibian, Avian, and Mammalian Blood Cells I. Introduction II. Elaboration of a Thermal Stress Response in Cultured Red Blood Cells from Normal (Nonanemic) and Phenylhydrazine-Treated (Anemic) Adult Quail III. Characterization of the Heat Shock and Stress Proteins Induced in Cultured Red Blood Cells from Anemic Adult Quail IV. Comparison of Quail Red Blood Cell Heat Shock Proteins Induced in Culture with Those Induced in Situ V. Characterization of the Response of Red Blood Cells from Anemic Quail to Heat Shock and Chemical Stress VI. Conclusion References 9 Stress Response in Avian Cells I. Introduction II. Stressors of Avian Cells III. Induction and Deinduction IV. Major Avian Stress Proteins V. Conclusions References 10 Stress Responses in Avian and Mammalian Cells I. Introduction II. Purification of Three Major Rat Stress Proteins III. Extracellular Appearance of Rat Stress Proteins IV. Stimulation of Stress mRNA Synthesis in Chicken Embryo Cells Exposed to Canavanine or Heat V. Inhibitors of the Stress Response VI. Summary References 11 Effect of Hyperthermia and LSD on Gene Expression in the Mammalian Brain and Other Organs I. Introduction II. Inhibitory Effect of LSD on Brain Protein Synthesis III. Effect of Hyperthermia on Brain Protein Synthesis IV. Induction of Heat Shock Protein in Intact Mammalian Organs V. Developmental Changes in the Inducibility of Heat Shock Proteins VI. Heat Shock Protein in Specific Cellular Systems in Brain VII. Induction of mRNA Coding for Heat Shock Protein VIII. Conclusions References 12 Thermotolerance in Mammalian Cells: A Possible Role for Heat Shock Proteins I. Introduction II. Thermotolerance in Mammalian Systems III. Correlation between Synthesis of Heat Shock Proteins and Development of Thermotolerance IV. Kinetics of Heat Shock Protein Synthesis during Development of Thermotolerance: Effects of Temperature and Duration of Initial Heat Treatment V. Relationship between Levels of Heat Shock Proteins and Cellular Survival during Decay of Thermotolerance VI. Induction of Thermotolerance and Enhanced Synthesis of Heat Shock Proteins by Agents Other Than Heat VII. Effect of Amino Acid Analogs on Thermal Sensitivity and Development of Thermotolerance VIII. Stable Heat-Resistant Variants of Chinese Hamster Fibroblasts IX. Heat-Induced Protection of Mice against Thermal Death X. Induction of Thermal Tolerance and Enhanced Synthesis of Heat Shock Proteins in Murine Tumors XI. Clinical Relevance References II. Plants and Fungi 13 Heat Shock Genes of Dictyostelium I. Introduction II. Physiological Role of Heat Shock Proteins III. Induction of Heat Shock Genes IV. Control of Transcription V. The Heat Shock Protein 70 Gene of Dictyostelium VI. A Heat Shock-Induced Message Is Encoded by a Transposable Element VII. Heat Shock Proteins References 14 Plant Productivity, Photosynthesis, and Environmental Stress I. Introduction II. Research Strategy III. Conclusions References 15 Responses to Environmental Heat Stress in the Plant Embryo I. Introduction II. Storage Protein Synthesis Continues at Higher Rates at Heat Shock Temperatures in the Developing Soybean Embryo III. Synthesis of Specific Messenger RNA's during Heat Shock in Developing Soybean Embryos IV. Conclusions References 16 Physiological and Molecular Analyses of the Heat Shock Response in Plants I. Introduction II. Results III. Discussion and Summary References 17 Maize Genome Response to Thermal Shifts I. Introduction II. Characterization of the Heat Shock Response in Maize (cv. Oh43) Seedlings III. Influence of Growing Temperature and Thermal Shifts on Gene Expression in Maize (cv. Oh43) Seedlings IV. Impact of Genotype on Polypeptide Synthesis in Maize Seedlings V. Summary References Index