Clouds are distributed technology platforms that leverage sophisticated technology innovations to provide highly scalable and resilient environments that can be remotely utilized by organizations in a multitude of powerful ways. To successfully build upon, integrate with, or even create a cloud environment requires an understanding of its common inner mechanics, architectural layers, and models, as well as an understanding of the business and economic factors that result from the adoption and real-world use of cloud-based services. In Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture, Thomas Erl, one of the world’s top-selling IT authors, teams up with cloud computing experts and researchers to break down proven and mature cloud computing technologies and practices into a series of well-defined concepts, models, technology mechanisms, and technology architectures, all from an industry-centric and vendor-neutral point of view. In doing so, the book establishes concrete, academic coverage with a focus on structure, clarity, and well-defined building blocks for mainstream cloud computing platforms and solutions. Subsequent to technology-centric coverage, the book proceeds to establish business-centric models and metrics that allow for the financial assessment of cloud-based IT resources and their comparison to those hosted on traditional IT enterprise premises. Also provided are templates and formulas for calculating SLA-related quality-of-service values and numerous explorations of the SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS delivery models. With more than 260 figures, 29 architectural models, and 20 mechanisms, this indispensable guide provides a comprehensive education of cloud computing essentials that will never leave your side.

Table of Contents:
Foreword     xxix Acknowledgments     xxxiii CHAPTER 1: Introduction     1 1.1 Objectives of This Book     3 1.2 What This Book Does Not Cover     4 1.3 Who This Book Is For     4 1.4 How This Book Is Organized     4 1.5 Conventions     9 Symbols and Figures     9 Summary of Key Points     9 1.6 Additional Information     9 Updates, Errata, and Resources (www.servicetechbooks.com)      9 Referenced Specifications (www.servicetechspecs.com)      10 The Service Technology Magazine (www.servicetechmag.com)      10 International Service Technology Symposium (www.servicetechsymposium.com)      10 What Is Cloud? (www.whatiscloud.com)      10 What Is REST? (www.whatisrest.com)      10 Cloud Computing Design Patterns (www.cloudpatterns.org)      10 Service-Orientation (www.serviceorientation.com)      11 CloudSchool.com Certified Cloud (CCP) Professional (www.cloudschool.com)      11 SOASchool.com SOA Certified (SOACP) Professional (www.soaschool.com)      11 Notification Service     11 CHAPTER 2: Case Study Background     13 2.1 Case Study #1: ATN     14 Technical Infrastructure and Environment     14 Business Goals and New Strategy     15 Roadmap and Implementation Strategy     15 2.2 Case Study #2: DTGOV     16 Technical Infrastructure and Environment     17 Business Goals and New Strategy     18 Roadmap and Implementation Strategy     19 2.3 Case Study #3: Innovartus Technologies Inc     20 Technical Infrastructure and Environment     20 Business Goals and Strategy     20 Roadmap and Implementation Strategy     21 PART I: FUNDAMENTAL CLOUD COMPUTING CHAPTER 3: Understanding Cloud Computing     25 3.1 Origins and Influences     26 A Brief History     26 Definitions     27 Business Drivers     28 Capacity Planning     28 Cost Reduction     29 Organizational Agility     30 Technology Innovations     30 Clustering     31 Grid Computing     31 Virtualization     32 Technology Innovations vs. Enabling Technologies     32 3.2 Basic Concepts and Terminology     33 Cloud     33 IT Resource     34 On-Premise     36 Cloud Consumers and Cloud Providers     36 Scaling     37 Horizontal Scaling     37 Vertical Scaling     37 Cloud Service     38 Cloud Service Consumer      40 3.3 Goals and Benefits     40 Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs     41 Increased Scalability     42 Increased Availability and Reliability     43 3.4 Risks and Challenges     45 Increased Security Vulnerabilities     45 Reduced Operational Governance Control     45 Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers     47 Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues     48 CHAPTER 4: Fundamental Concepts and Models     51 4.1 Roles and Boundaries     52 Cloud Provider     52 Cloud Consumer     52 Cloud Service Owner     53 Cloud Resource Administrator     54 Additional Roles     56 Organizational Boundary     56 Trust Boundary     57 4.2 Cloud Characteristics     58 On-Demand Usage     59 Ubiquitous Access     59 Multitenancy (and Resource Pooling)      59 Elasticity     61 Measured Usage     61 Resiliency     61 4.3 Cloud Delivery Models     63 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)      64 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)      65 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)      66 Comparing Cloud Delivery Models     67 Combining Cloud Delivery Models     69 IaaS + PaaS     69 IaaS + PaaS + SaaS     72 4.4 Cloud Deployment Models     73 Public Clouds     73 Community Clouds     74 Private Clouds     75 Hybrid Clouds     77 Other Cloud Deployment Models     78 CHAPTER 5: Cloud-Enabling Technology     79 5.1 Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture     80 Internet Service Providers (ISPs)      80 Connectionless Packet Switching (Datagram Networks)      83 Router-Based Interconnectivity     83 Physical Network     84 Transport Layer Protocol      84 Application Layer Protocol     85 Technical and Business Considerations     85 Connectivity Issues     85 Network Bandwidth and Latency Issues     88 Cloud Carrier and Cloud Provider Selection     89 5.2 Data Center Technology     90 Virtualization     90 Standardization and Modularity     90 Automation     91 Remote Operation and Management     92 High Availability     92 Security-Aware Design, Operation, and Management     92 Facilities     92 Computing Hardware     93 Storage Hardware     93 Network Hardware     95 Carrier and External Networks Interconnection     95 Web-Tier Load Balancing and Acceleration     95 LAN Fabric     95 SAN Fabric     95 NAS Gateways     95 Other Considerations     96 5.3 Virtualization Technology     97 Hardware Independence     98 Server Consolidation     98 Resource Replication     98 Operating System-Based Virtualization     99 Hardware-Based Virtualization     101 Virtualization Management     102 Other Considerations     102 5.4 Web Technology     103 Basic Web Technology     104 Web Applications     104 5.5 Multitenant Technology     106 5.6 Service Technology     108 Web Services     109 REST Services     110 Service Agents     111 Service Middleware     112 5.7 Case Study Example     113 CHAPTER 6: Fundamental Cloud Security     117 6.1 Basic Terms and Concepts     118 Confidentiality     118 Integrity     119 Authenticity     119 Availability     119 Threat     120 Vulnerability     120 Risk     120 Security Controls     120 Security Mechanisms     121 Security Policies     121 6.2 Threat Agents     121 Anonymous Attacker     122 Malicious Service Agent     123 Trusted Attacker     123 Malicious Insider     123 6.3 Cloud Security Threats     124 Traffic Eavesdropping     124 Malicious Intermediary     124 Denial of Service     126 Insufficient Authorization     127 Virtualization Attack     127 Overlapping Trust Boundaries     129 6.4 Additional Considerations     131 Flawed Implementations     131 Security Policy Disparity     132 Contracts     132 Risk Management     133 6.5 Case Study Example     135 PART II: CLOUD COMPUTING MECHANISMS CHAPTER 7: Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms     139 7.1 Logical Network Perimeter     140 Case Study Example     142 7.2 Virtual Server     144 Case Study Example     145 7.3 Cloud Storage Device     149 Cloud Storage Levels     149 Network Storage Interfaces     150 Object Storage Interfaces     151 Database Storage Interfaces     151 Relational Data Storage     151 Non-Relational Data Storage     152 Case Study Example     152 7.4 Cloud Usage Monitor     155 Monitoring Agent     155 Resource Agent     155 Polling Agent     157 Case Study Example     157 7.5 Resource Replication     161 Case Study Example     162 7.6 Ready-Made Environment     166 Case Study Example     167 CHAPTER 8: Specialized Cloud Mechanisms     169 8.1 Automated Scaling Listener     170 Case Study Example     172 8.2 Load Balancer     176 Case Study Example     177 8.3 SLA Monitor     178 Case Study Example     180 SLA Monitor Polling Agent     180 SLA Monitoring Agent     180 8.4 Pay-Per-Use Monitor     184 Case Study Example     187 8.5 Audit Monitor     189 Case Study Example     189 8.6 Failover System     191 Active-Active     191 Active-Passive     194 Case Study Example     196 8.7 Hypervisor     200 Case Study Example     201 8.8 Resource Cluster     203 Case Study Example     206 8.9 Multi-Device Broker     208 Case Study Example     209 8.10 State Management Database     210 Case Study Example     211 CHAPTER 9: Cloud Management Mechanisms     213 9.1 Remote Administration System     214 Case Study Example     219 9.2 Resource Management System     219 Case Study Example     221 9.3 SLA Management System     222 Case Study Example     224 9.4 Billing Management System     225 Case Study Example     227 CHAPTER 10: Cloud Security Mechanisms     229 10.1 Encryption     230 Symmetric Encryption     231 Asymmetric Encryption     231 Case Study Example     233 10.2 Hashing     234 Case Study Example     235 10.3 Digital Signature     236 Case Study Example     238 10.4 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)      240 Case Study Example     242 10.5 Identity and Access Management (IAM)      243 Case Study Example     244 10.6 Single Sign-On (SSO)      244 Case Study Example     246 10.7 Cloud-Based Security Groups     247 Case Study Example     249 10.8 Hardened Virtual Server Images     251 Case Study Example     252 PART III: CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE CHAPTER 11: Fundamental Cloud Architectures     255 11.1 Workload Distribution Architecture     256 11.2 Resource Pooling Architecture     257 11.3 Dynamic Scalability Architecture     262 11.4 Elastic Resource Capacity Architecture     265 11.5 Service Load Balancing Architecture     268 11.6 Cloud Bursting Architecture     271 11.7 Elastic Disk Provisioning Architecture     272 11.8 Redundant Storage Architecture     275 11.9 Case Study Example     277 CHAPTER 12: Advanced Cloud Architectures     281 12.1 Hypervisor Clustering Architecture     282 12.2 Load Balanced Virtual Server Instances Architecture     288 12.3 Non-Disruptive Service Relocation Architecture     293 12.4 Zero Downtime Architecture     298 12.5 Cloud Balancing Architecture     299 12.6 Resource Reservation Architecture     301 12.7 Dynamic Failure Detection and Recovery Architecture     306 12.8 Bare-Metal Provisioning Architecture     309 12.9 Rapid Provisioning Architecture     312 12.10 Storage Workload Management Architecture     315 12.11 Case Study Example     321 CHAPTER 13: Specialized Cloud Architectures     323 13.1 Direct I/O Access Architecture     324 13.2 Direct LUN Access Architecture     326 13.3 Dynamic Data Normalization Architecture     329 13.4 Elastic Network Capacity Architecture     330 13.5 Cross-Storage Device Vertical Tiering Architecture     332 13.6 Intra-Storage Device Vertical Data Tiering Architecture     337 13.7 Load Balanced Virtual Switches Architecture     340 13.8 Multipath Resource Access Architecture     342 13.9 Persistent Virtual Network Configuration Architecture     344 13.10 Redundant Physical Connection for Virtual Servers Architecture     347 13.11 Storage Maintenance Window Architecture     350 PART IV: WORKING WITH CLOUDS CHAPTER 14: Cloud Delivery Model Considerations     359 14.1 Cloud Delivery Models: The Cloud Provider Perspective     360 Building IaaS Environments     360 Data Centers     361 Scalability and Reliability     363 Monitoring     363 Security     364 Equipping PaaS Environments     364 Scalability and Reliability     365 Monitoring     367 Security     367 Optimizing SaaS Environments     367 Security     370 14.2 Cloud Delivery Models: The Cloud Consumer Perspective     370 Working with IaaS Environments     370 IT Resource Provisioning Considerations     372 Working with PaaS Environments     373 IT Resource Provisioning Considerations     373 Working with SaaS Services     374 14.3 Case Study Example     375 CHAPTER 15: Cost Metrics and Pricing Models     379 15.1 Business Cost Metrics     380 Up-Front and On-Going Costs     380 Additional Costs     381 Case Study Example     382 Product Catalog Browser     382 On-Premise Up-Front Costs     382 On-Premise On-Going Costs     383 Cloud-Based Up-Front Costs     383 Cloud-Based On-Going Costs     383 Client Database     385 On-Premise Up-Front Costs     385 On-Premise On-Going Costs     385 Cloud-Based Up-Front Costs     385 Cloud-Based On-Going Costs     385 15.2 Cloud Usage Cost Metrics     387 Network Usage     387 Inbound Network Usage Metric     387 Outbound Network Usage Metric     388 Intra-Cloud WAN Usage Metric     388 Server Usage     389 On-Demand Virtual Machine Instance Allocation Metric     389 Reserved Virtual Machine Instance Allocation Metric     389 Cloud Storage Device Usage     390 On-Demand Storage Space Allocation Metric     390 I/O Data Transferred Metric     390 Cloud Service Usage     390 Application Subscription Duration Metric     390 Number of Nominated Users Metric     391 Number of Transactions Users Metric      391 15.3 Cost Management Considerations     391 Pricing Models     393 Additional Considerations     395 Case Study Example     396 Virtual Server On-Demand Instance Allocation     397 Virtual Server Reserved Instance Allocation     399 Cloud Storage Device     401 WAN Traffic     401 CHAPTER 16: Service Quality Metrics and SLAs     403 16.1 Service Quality Metrics     404 Service Availability Metrics     405 Availability Rate Metric     405 Outage Duration Metric     406 Service Reliability Metrics     407 Mean-Time Between Failures (MTBF) Metric     407 Reliability Rate Metric     407 Service Performance Metrics     407 Network Capacity Metric     408 Storage Device Capacity Metric     408 Server Capacity Metric     408 Web Application Capacity Metric     408 Instance Starting Time Metric     409 Response Time Metric     409 Completion Time Metric     409 Service Scalability Metrics     409 Storage Scalability (Horizontal) Metric     410 Server Scalability (Horizontal) Metric     410 Server Scalability (Vertical) Metric     410 Service Resiliency Metrics     411 Mean-Time to Switchover (MTSO) Metric     411 Mean-Time System Recovery (MTSR) Metric     412 16.2 Case Study Example     412 16.3 SLA Guidelines     413 16.4 Case Study Example     416 Scope and Applicability     416 Service Quality Guarantees     416 Definitions     417 Usage of Financial Credits     417 SLA Exclusions     418 PART V: APPENDICES Appendix A: Case Study Conclusions     421 A.1 ATN     422 A.2 DTGOV     422 A.3 Innovartus     424 Appendix B: Industry Standards Organizations     427 B.1 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)      428 B.2 Cloud Security Alliance (CSA)      429 B.3 Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF)      429 B.4 Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA)      430 B.5 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS)      430 B.6 The Open Group     430 B.7 Open Cloud Consortium (OCC)      431 B.8 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)      431 B.9 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)      431 B.10 Liberty Alliance     432 B.11 Open Grid Forum (OGF)      432 Appendix C: Mapping Mechanisms to Characteristics     433 Appendix D: Data Center Facilities (TIA-942)      437 D.1 Primary Rooms     438 Electrical Room     438 Mechanical Room     438 Storage and Staging     438 Offices, Operations Center, and Support     438 Telecommunications Entrance     438 Computer Room     439 D.2 Environmental Controls     440 External Electrical Power Provider Interconnection     440 Power Distribution     441 Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS)      441 Power Engine-Generator     441 D.3 Infrastructure Redundancy Summary     442 Appendix E: Emerging Technologies     443 E.1 Autonomic Computing     444 E.2 Grid Computing     445 Service Grids     446 Appendix F: Cloud Provisioning Contracts     449 F.1 Cloud Provisioning Contract Structure     450 Terms of Service     452 Service Usage Policy     452 Security and Privacy Policy     453 Warranties and Liabilities     455 Rights and Responsibilities     455 Termination and Renewal     456 Specifications and SLAs     456 Pricing and Billing     457 Other Issues     457 Legal and Compliance Issues     457 Auditability and Accountability     457 Changes in the Contract Terms and Conditions     457 F.2 Cloud Provider Selection Guidelines     458 Cloud Provider Viability     458 Appendix G: Cloud Business Case Template     461 G.1 Business Case Identification     462 G.2 Business Needs     462 G.3 Target Cloud Environment     463 G.4 Technical Issues     464 G.5 Economic Factors     464 About the Authors     465 About the Foreword Contributor     467 About the Contributors     469 Index     471