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Table of Contents:
FICTION A Conversation with Amy Tan 1: Reading a Story The Art of Fiction Types of Short Fiction W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samarra  Aesop, The Fox and the Grapes Bidpai, The Camel and His Friends Chuang Tzu, Independence  Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death  Plot  The Short Story  John Updike, A & P  Writing Effectively: John Updike THINKING About Plot   2: Point of View Identifying Point of View Types of Narrators Stream of Consciousness ZZ Packer , Brownies Eudora Welty, A Worn Path James Baldwin, Sonny’s Blues  Writing Effectively: James Baldwin THINKING about Point of View   3: Character Types of Characters Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall  Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill  Raymond Carver, Cathedral  Writing Effectively: Raymond Carver THINKING about Character   4: Setting Elements of Setting Historical Fiction Regionalism Naturalism Kate Chopin, The Storm  Jack London, To Build a Fire  Ray Bradbury , The Sound of Thunder Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets  Writing Effectively: Amy Tan THINKING about Setting   5. Tone and Style Tone Style Diction Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place  Irony  O. Henry, The Gift of the Magi  Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland Writing Effectively: Ernest Hemingway THINKING about Tone and Style   6. Theme Plot vs. Theme Theme as Unifying Device Finding the Theme Stephen Crane, The Open Boat  Alice Munro, How I Met My Husband  Luke 15:11—32, The Parable of the Prodigal Son  Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Harrison Bergeron  Writing Effectively: Kurt Vonnegut THINKING about Theme   7. Symbol Allegory Symbols Recognizing Symbols John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums  John Cheever , The Swimmer Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas  Shirley Jackson, The Lottery  Writing effectively: Shirley Jackson THINKING about Symbols   8. Reading Long Stories and Novels Origins of the Novel Novelistic Methods Reading Novels Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych  Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis  Writing Effectively: Franz Kafka THINKING about Long Stories and Novels   9. Latin American Fiction “El Boom”  Magic Realism  After the Boom Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark  Gabriel García Márquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings  Isabel Allende , The Judge’s Wife Inés Arredondo, The Shunammite    Writing Effectively: Marquez   10. Poe and O'Connor Casebooks Edgar Allen Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart Edgar Allen Poe, The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe,The Fall of the House of Usher Edgar Allan Poe on Writing Critics on Edgar Allan Poe Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find  Flannery O'Connor, Revelation  Flannery O'Connor, Parker’s Back  Flannery O’Connor on Writing Critics on Flannery O'Connor   11. Critical Casebook: Two Stories in Depth Charlotte Perkins Gilman  The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman on Writing Critics on "The Yellow Wallpaper" Alice Walker, Everyday Use  Alice Walker, On Writing Critics on "Everyday Use"   12. Stories for Further Reading Chinua Achebe, Dead Men’s Path  Sherwood Anderson, Hands Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings  Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge  T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake   Willa Cather, Paul’s Case  Anton Chekov, An Upheaval Anton Chekov, Misery Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour  Kate Chopin, Desiree's Baby Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street  Joseph Conrad, The Secret Sharer Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Speckled Band Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal  Gustav Flaubert, A Simple Heart Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Unnatural Mother Susan Glaspell, A Jury of Her Peers Nikolai Gogol, The Overcoat Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat  James Joyce, Araby  James Joyce, Eveline James Joyce, The Dead Franz Kafka, Before the Law Jamaica Kincaid, Girl  Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies  D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner  D. H. Lawrence, Odour of Chrysanthemums David Leavitt, A Place I’ve Never Been Naguib Mahfouz, The Lawsuit           Katherine Mansfield, The Garden Party Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh  Guy de Maupassant, Mother Savage Herman Melville, Bartleby the Scrivener Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?  Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried  Daniel Orozco , Orientation Robert Louise Stevenson, The Bottle Imp Edith Wharton, The Other Two Oscar Wilde, The Happy Prince Tobias Wolff, The Rich Brother  Virginia Woolf, A Haunted House        POETRY A Conversation with Kay Ray 13. Reading a Poem Poetry or Verse Reading a Poem Paraphrase William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree  Lyric Poetry  Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays  Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers  Narrative Poetry  Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence  Robert Frost, “Out, Out–”  Dramatic Poetry  Robert Browning, My Last Duchess  Didactic Poetry Writing Effectively: Adrienne Rich THINKING about Paraphrase  William Stafford, Ask Me    14. Listening to a Voice Tone  Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz  Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know  Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book  Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter  Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles  Benjamin Alire Saenz, To the Desert Gwendolyn Brooks , Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward  Weldon Kees, For My Daughter  The Person in the Poem  Natasha Trethewey, White Lies  Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal  Ted Hughes, Hawk Roosting  Anonymous, Dog Haiku William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud  Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal Entry  James Stephens, A Glass of Beer  Anne Sexton, Her Kind  William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow  Irony  Robert Creeley, Oh No  W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen  Sharon Olds, Rites of Passage  Julie Sheehan, Hate Poem Sarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links  Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig  Thomas Hardy, The Workbox  William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper  William Jay Smith, American Primitive David Lehman , Rejection Slip  William Stafford, At the Un-National Monument Along the Canadian Border  Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta   Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est   Writing Effectively: Wilfred Owen THINKING About TONE  THINKING About TONE    15. Words  Literal Meaning: What a Poem Says First  William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say  Diction  Marianne Moore, Silence  Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down!  John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You  The Value of a Dictionary  Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath  Kay Ryan, Mockingbird J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead  Samuel Menashe, Bread Carl Sandburg, Grass Word Choice and Word Order Robert Herrick, Upon Julia’s Clothes  Kay Ryan, Blandeur  Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid  Richard Eberhart, The Fury of Aerial Bombardment  Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts  E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town  Billy Collins, The Names  Christian Wiman , When the Time’s Toxin   Anonymous, Carnation Milk  Gina Valdés, English con Salsa  Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky  Writing Effectively: Lewis Carroll THINKING About Diction    16. Saying and Suggesting Denotation and Connotation John Masefield, Cargoes  William Blake, London  Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock  Gwendolyn Brooks, The Bean Eaters Timothy Steele, Epitaph  E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i  Robert Frost, Fire and Ice  Diane Thiel , The Minefield   H.D., Storm Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears  Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World  Writing Effectively: Richard Wilbur THINKING About Denotation and Connotation    17. Imagery Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro  Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel  Imagery T. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down  Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar  Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish  Charles Simic, Fork  Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence  Jean Toomer, Reapers  Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty  About Haiku  Arakida Moritake, The falling flower  Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak  Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool  Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell  Taniguchi Buson, Moonrise on mudflats Kobayashi Issa, only one guy  Kobayashi Issa, Cricket  Haiku from Japanese Internment Camps  Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain Suiko Matsushita, Cosmos in bloom  Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs  Neiji Ozawa, The war–this year Contemporary Haiku  Etheridge Knight, Making jazz swing in Gary Snyder, After weeks of watching the roof leak Penny Harter, broken bowl Jennifer Brutschy, Born Again Adelle Foley, Learning to Shave Garry Gay, Hole in the ozone John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art  Walt Whitman, The Runner  H.D. , Oread William Carlos Williams, El Hombre  Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter  Billy Collins, Embrace  Chana Bloch , Tired Sex Gary Snyder , Mid-August at Sourdough Mountain Kevin Prufer, Pause, Pause Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning  Writing Effectively: Ezra Pound THINKING About Imagery    18. Figures of Speech Why Speak Figuratively?  Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle  William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?  Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?  Metaphor and Simile  Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood — a Loaded Gun  Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall  William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand  Sylvia Plath, Metaphors  N. Scott Momaday, Simile  Emily Dickinson, It dropped so low — in my Regard  Jill Alexander Essbaum, The Heart  Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home  Other Figures of Speech  James Stephens, The Wind  Robinson Jeffers, Hands Margaret Atwood, You fit into me  George Herbert, The Pulley  Dana Gioia, Money  Carl Sandburg, Fog  Charles Simic, My Shoes Robert Frost, The Silken Tent  Jane Kenyon, The Suitor  Robert Frost, The Secret Sits  A. R. Ammons, Coward  Kay Ryan, Turtle  Emily Brontë, Love and Friendship  April Lindner, Low Tide Robert Burns, Oh, my love is like a red, red rose  Writing Effectively: Robert Frost THINKING About Metaphors    19. Song Singing and Saying  Ben Jonson, To Celia  James Weldon Johnson, Sence You Went Away William Shakespeare, Fear no more the heat o’ the sun Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory  Paul Simon, Richard Cory  Ballads  Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan  Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham  Blues  Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse Blues  W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues  Kevin Young , Late Blues Rap  Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin’  Aimee Mann, Deathly  Writing Effectively: Bob Dylan THINKING About Poetry and Song   20. Sound Sound as Meaning  Alexander Pope, True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance  William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?  John Updike, Recital  William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal  Aphra Behn, When maidens are young  Alliteration and Assonance  A. E. Housman, Eight O’Clock  James Joyce, All day I hear  Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls  Rime  William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga  Hilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus  Bob Kaufman , No More Jazz at Alcatraz  William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan  Gerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur  Robert Frost, Desert Places  Reading and Hearing Poems Aloud  Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane  William Shakespeare , Hark, hark, the lark  Kevin Young , Doo Wop T. S. Eliot, Virginia  Writing Effectively: T. S. Eliot THINKING About a Poem’s Sound    21. Rhythm Stresses and Pauses  Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool  Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break  Ben Jonson, Slow, slow, fresh fount, keep time with my salt tears  Dorothy Parker, Résumé  Meter  Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme  Edith Sitwell , Mariner Man  A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty  William Carlos Williams, Smell!  Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!  David Mason, Song of the Powers  Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie  Writing Effectively: Gwendolyn Brooks THINKING About Rhythm    22. Closed Form Formal Patterns  John Keats, This living hand, now warm and capable  Robert Graves, Counting the Beats  John Donne, Song (“Go and catch a falling star”)  Phillis Levin, Brief Bio  The Sonnet  William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds  Michael Drayton, Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part  Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why  Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night  Kim Addonizio, First Poem for You  Mark Jarman, Unholy  Sonnet: After the Praying A. E. Stallings, Sine Qua Non  Amit Majmudar, Rites to Allay the Dead R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean Sonnet  The Epigram  Alexander Pope, Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Sir John Harrington, Of Treason William Blake , To H– Langston Hughes, Two Somewhat Different Epigrams Dorothy Parker , The Actress J. V. Cunningham, This Humanist John Frederick Nims, Contemplation Anonymous, Epitaph of a dentist Hilaire Belloc, Fatigue Wendy Cope, Variation on Belloc’s “Fatigue” Poetweets Lawrence Bridges, Two Poetweets Robert Pinsky , Low Pay Piecework Other Forms  Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night  Robert Bridges, Triolet  Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina  Writing Effectively: A. E. Stallings THINKING About a Sonnet    23. Open Form Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway  Free Verse E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill ’s  W. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death  William Carlos Williams, The Dance  Stephen Crane, The Wayfarer  Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford  Ezra Pound, The Garden   Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird  Prose Poetry  Charles Simic, The Magic Study of Happiness Joy Harjo,  Mourning Song Visual Poetry  George Herbert, Easter Wings  John Hollander, Swan and Shadow  Concrete Poetry  Richard Kostelanetz, Ramón Gómez de la Serna, Simultaneous Translations Dorthi Charles, Concrete Cat  E. E. Cummings, in Just-  Francisco X. Alarcón, Frontera / Border Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red  David St. John, Hush Alice Fulton, What I Like  Writing Effectively: Walt Whitman THINKING About Free Verse    24. Symbol The Meanings of a Symbol T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening Transcript  Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork  The Symbolist Movement Identifying Symbols Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones  Allegory Matthew :—, The Parable of the Good Seed  George Herbert, Redemption Edwin Markham, Outwitted Suji Kwock Kim, Occupation Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken  Antonio Machado , The Traveler Christina Rossetti, Uphill  William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife Ted Kooser, Carrie  Mary Oliver, Wild Geese Tami Haaland , Lipstick Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover  Wallace Stevens , The Snow Man Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar  Writing Effectively: William Butler Yeats THINKING About Symbols    25. Myth and Narrative Origins of Myth Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay  William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us  H. D., Helen   Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen   Archetype  Louise Bogan, Medusa  John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci  Personal Myth  William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming  Gregory Orr, Two Lines from the Brothers Grimm  Myth and Popular Culture  Charles Martin, Taken Up  A. E. Stallings, First Love: A Quiz Anne Sexton, Cinderella  Writing Effectively: Anne Sexton THINKING about Myth   26. Poetry and Personal Identity Confessional Poetry Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus  Identity Poetics Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual/Bilingüe  Culture, Race, and Ethnicity  Claude McKay, America  Shirley Geok-lin Lim,  Riding Into California Francisco X. Alarcón, The X in My Name  Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quiñceañera  Sherman Alexie, The Powwow at the End of the World Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It  Gender  Anne Stevenson, Sous-Entendu  Carolyn Kizer,  Bitch Rafael Campo,  For J. W. Donald Justice, Men at Forty  Adrienne Rich, Women  Katha Pollitt,  Mind-Body Problem Andrew Hudgins,  Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead Brian Turner ,  The Hurt Locker Philip Larkin, Aubade  Writing Effectively: Rhina Espaillat THINKING About Poetic Voice and Identity    27. Translation Is Poetic Translation Possible?  World Poetry  Li Po, Moon-Beneath Alone Drink (literal translation)  Translated by Arthur Waley, Drinking Alone by Moonlight  Comparing Translations  Horace, “Carpe Diem” Ode (Latin text)  Horace, “Carpe Diem” Ode (literal translation)  Translated by Edwin Arlington Robinson, Horace to Leuconoe  Translated by A. E. Stallings, A New Year’s Toast  Translating Form Omar Khayyam, Rubai  XII (Persian text)  Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (literal translation) Translated by Edward FitzGerald,  A Book of Verses underneath the Bough  Translated by Dick Davis, I Need a Bare Sufficiency  Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat  Translated by Edward FitzGerald,  Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of Spring Translated by Edward FitzGerald,  Some for the Glories of this World Translated by Edward FitzGerald, The Moving Finger writes Translated by Edward FitzGerald,  Ah Love! could you and I with Him conspire Parody  Anonymous, We four lads from Liverpool are  Hugh Kingsmill, What, still alive at twenty-two?  Andrea Paterson, Because I Could Not Dump Harryette Mullen, Dim Lady Gene Fehler, If Richard Lovelace Became a Free Agent  Aaron Abeyta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla  Writing Effectively: Arthur Waley THINKING about Parody    28. Poetry in Spanish Sor Juana, Presente en que el Cariño Hace Regalo la Llaneza  Translated by Diane Thiel, A Simple Gift Made Rich by Affection  Pablo Neruda, Muchos Somos  Translated by Alastair Reid, We Are Many  Jorge Luis Borges, On his blindness Translated by Robert Mezey, On His Blindness Octavio Paz, Con los ojos cerrados  Translated by Eliot Weinberger, With eyes closed  Surrealism in Latin American Poetry  Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas  César Vallejo, La cólera que quiebra al hombre en niños  Translated by Thomas Merton, Anger  Contemporary Mexican Poetry  José Emilio Pacheco, Alta Traición  Translated by Alastair Reid, High Treason  Tedi López Mills, Convalecencia  Pedro Serrano, Golondrinas  Translated by Anna Crowe, Swallows  Writing Effectively: Alastair Reid on Writing, Translating Neruda    29. Recognizing Excellence Anonymous, O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face  Emily Dickinson, A Dying Tiger — moaned for Drink  Sentimentality Rod McKuen, Thoughts on Capital Punishment  William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark  Recognizing Excellence  William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium  Arthur Guiterman, On the Vanity of Earthly Greatness  Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias  Robert Hayden, Frederick Douglass Elizabeth Bishop, One Art  John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale Walt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain!  Dylan Thomas , In My Craft or Sullen Art  Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask  Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus  Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee  Writing Effectively: Edgar Allan Poe THINKING about Evaluating a Poem    30. What Is Poetry? Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica    31. Two Critical Casebooks: Dickinson and Hughes Success is counted sweetest  I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed Wild Nights — Wild Nights!  I Felt a Funeral, in my Brain  I’m Nobody! Who are you?  The Soul selects her own Society  Some keep the Sabbath going to Church  After great pain, a formal feeling comes  Much Madness is divinest Sense This is my letter to the World  I heard a Fly buzz — when I died  Because I could not stop for Death  Tell all the Truth but tell it slant  There is no Frigate like a Book Emily Dickinson on Emily Dickinson Critics on Emily Dickinson The Negro Speaks of Rivers  My People Mother to Son  Dream Variations  I, Too  The Weary Blues  Song for a Dark Girl  Prayer  Ballad of the Landlord  Theme for English B  Nightmare Boogie Harlem [Dream Deferred]  Homecoming Langston Hughes on Langston Hughes Critics on Langston Hughes   32. Critical Casebook: T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock  T. S. Eliot on Writing Critics on "Prufrock"   33. Poems for Further Reading Anonymous, Lord Randall  Anonymous, The Three Ravens  Anonymous , Last Words of the Prophet  Anonymous, The Twa Corbies Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach  John Ashbery, At North Farm  Margaret Atwood, Siren Song  W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening  W. H. Auden, Musée des Beaux Arts  Jimmy Baca, Spliced Wire Aphra Behn, A Thousand Marytrs Elizabeth Bishop, Filling Station  William Blake, A Poison Tree William Blake, Garden of Love William Blake, The Tyger  William Blake, The Sick Rose  Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband Gwendolyn Brooks, The Mother  Gwendolyn Brooks, The Rites for Cousin Vit Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Grief Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways  Robert Browning, Porphyria's Lover Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister  Charles Bukowski, Dostoevsky George Gordon, Lord Byron, When We Two Parted George Gordon, Lord Byron, The Ocean George Gordon, Lord Byron, So We'll Go No More A-Roving Lewis Carroll, The Walrus and the Carpenter Lorna Dee Cervantes , Cannery Town in August Geoffrey Chaucer, From The General Prologue Geoffrey Chaucer, Merciless Beauty  G. K. Chesterton, The Donkey John  Ciardi, Most Like an Arch This Marriage Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Frost at Midnight Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan  Billy Collins, Care and Feeding  Hart Crane, My Grandmother’s Love Letters  Hart Crane, Chaplinesque Stephen Crane, I saw a man pursuing the horizon Stephen Crane, A man feared that he might find an assassin E. E. Cummings, somewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond  E. E. Cummings, the Cambridge ladies who live in furnished souls Marisa de los Santos, Perfect Dress  John Donne, The Good-Morrow John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God John Donne, Death be not proud  John Donne, The Flea  John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning  Rita Dove, Daystar John Dryden, To the Memory of Mr. Oldham Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Sympathy Paul Lawrence Dunbar, The Poet T.S. Eliot, Preludes T. S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi  Rhina Espaillat, Agua Rhina Espaillat, Bra Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea, Adam Posed Robert Frost, Mowing Robert Frost, Birches  Robert Frost, Mending Wall  Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening  Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California  Dana Gioia, California Hills in August Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Thomas Hardy, I Look into My Glass Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain  Thomas Hardy, The Darkling Thrush  Thomas Hardy, Hap  HD, Oread HD, Sea Rose Seamus Heaney, Digging  Anthony Hecht, The Vow George Herbert, The Collar George Herbert, The Pulley George Herbert, Love  Robert Herrick, Delight and Disorder Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time  Tony Hoagland, Beauty Gerard Manley Hopkins, No Worst, There is None Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall  Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover  A. E. Housman, Into My Heart an Air that Kills A. E. Housman, Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now  A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young  Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner  Robinson Jeffers, Rock and Hawk Ha Jin, Missed Time Ben Jonson, On My First Son  Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood  John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn  John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be John Keats, To Autumn  John Keats, Ode on Melancholy John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer XJ Kennedy, In a Prominent Bar in Secaucus One Day Suji Kwock Kim, Monologue for an Onion Ted Kooser, Abandoned Farmhouse  Philip Larkin, Home is so Sad  Philip Larkin, Poetry of Departures  D. H. Lawrence, Piano  Denise Levertov, O Taste and See Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to Love America Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Proem to Eveangeline Robert Lowell, Skunk Hour  Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress  Andrew Marvell, The Definition of Love Andrew Marvell, The Garden Edna St. Vincent Millay, Passer Mortuus Est Edna St. Vincent Millay, First Fig Edna St. Vincent Millay, Time does not bring relief Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo  John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent  Marianne Moore, The Fish Marianne Moore, Poetry  Marilyn Nelson, A Strange Beautiful Woman  Howard Nemerov, The War in the Air  Lorine Niedecker, Sorrow Moves in Wide Waves Yone Noguchi, A Selection of Hokku Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys’ Party  Wilfred Owen, Futility Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth  Sylvia Plath, Daddy  Edgar Allen Poe, The Raven Edgar Allen Poe, Alone Edgar Allan Poe, A Dream within a Dream  Alexander Pope, From an Essay on Man Alexander Pope, A little Learning is a dang’rous Thing  Ezra Pound, The Garden Ezra Pound, Portrait d'une Femme Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter  Dudley Randall, A Different Image  John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece  Henry Reed, Naming of Parts  Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin  Edwin Arlington Robinson, Mr. Flood's Party Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy  Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane  Christina Rossetti, Song Christina Rossetti, Amor Mundi William Shakespeare, When daisies pied and violets blue William Shakespeare, When icicles hang by the wall William Shakespeare, When my love swears that she is made of truth William Shakespeare, Poor soul, the center of my sinful earth William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes  William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold  William Shakespeare, When to the sessions of sweet silent thought  William Shakespeare, My mistress’ eyes are nothing likethe sun  Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind Percy Bysshe Shelley,To -- [Music, when soft voices die] Charles Simic , The Butcher Shop Christopher Smart, For I will consider my Cat Jeoffry  Cathy Song, Stamp Collecting  William Stafford, The Farm on the Great Plains  Gertrude Stein, Susia Asado Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream  Wallace Stevens, Peter Quince at the Clavier Jonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning  Alfred, Lord Tennyson, from In Memorium AHH "Old yew, which graspest at the stones." Alfred, Lord Tennyson, from In Memorium AHH "Dark house, by which I once more steal" Alfred, Lord Tennyson, from In Memorium AHH "Be near me when my light is low." Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses  Diane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle School Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill  John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player  Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes Margaret Walker, For Malcolm X Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose  Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America Walt Whitman, Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer Walt Whiman, A Noiseless Patient Spider Walt Whitman, from Song of the Open Road  Walt Whitman, I Hear America Singing  Richard Wilbur, The Writer  William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife William Carlos Williams, Danse Russe William Carlos Williams, Spring and All  William Carlos Williams, Queen-Anne’s-Lace William Wordsworth, Lines (Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey) William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth, Ode: Intimations of Immortality William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge  James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio  Mary Sidney Wroth, In this strange labyrinth  Sir Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me that sometime did me sekë  William Butler Yeats, No Second Troy William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Forsees His Death William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop  William Butler Yeats, The Magi  William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old    DRAMA A Conversation with David Ives 34. Reading a Play Theatrical Conventions Elements of a Play        Susan Glaspell, Trifles  Analyzing Trifles     Writing Effectively: Susan Glaspell THINKING About a Play    35. Modes of Drama: Tragedy and Comedy  Tragedy Christopher Marlowe, Scene From Doctor Faustus (Act 2, Scene 1)  Comedy David Ives, Sure Thing Writing Effectively: David Ives THINKING about Comedy   36. Critical Casebook: Sophocles  The Theater of Sophocles  The Civic Role of Greek Drama  Aristotle’s Concept of Tragedy  The Origins of Oedipus the King  Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)  The Background of Antigonê  Sophocles, Antigoné (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)  Critics on Sophocles Writing Effectively: Robert Fitzgerald THINKING About Greek Tragedy    37. Critical Casebook: Shakespeare  The Theater of Shakespeare  William Shakespeare  A Note on Othello  William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice  The Background of Hamlet  William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark  The Background of A Midsummer Night’s Dream  William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream  William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare, MacBeth William Shakespeare, The Tempest Critics on Shakespeare Writing Effectively: Ben Jonson Understanding Shakespeare   38. The Modern Theater Realism Naturalism Symbolism and Expressionism American Modernism Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House (Translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, Revised by Viktoria Michelsen) Henrik Ibsen on Writing, Correspondence on the Final Scene of A Doll’s House Eugene O'Neill, The Hairy Ape Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie  Tennessee Williams on Writing, How to Stage The Glass Menagerie Tragicomedy and the Absurd Return to Realism Experimental Drama Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer Milcha Sanchez-Scott on Writing, Writing The Cuban Swimmer Documentary Drama Anna Deavere Smith, Scenes from Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992 Anna Deavere Smith on Writing, A Call to the Community  THINKING About Dramatic Realism    39. Evaluating a Play Judging a Play   40. Plays for Further Readings David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice  David Henry Hwang on Writing, Multicultural Theater  Edward Bok Lee, El Santo Americano Edward Bok Lee on Writing Jane Martin, Beauty  Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman  Arthur Miller on Writing, Tragedy and the Common Man  J.M. Synge, Riders to the Sea August Wilson, Fences  August Wilson on Writing, A Look into Black America   WRITING 41. Writing About Literature Read Actively  Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay  Plan Your Essay  Pre-Writing: Discover Your Ideas  Sample Student Prewriting Exercises  Develop a Literary Argument  Write a Rough Draft  Revise Your Draft  Some Final Advice on Rewriting  Document Sources to Avoid Plagiarism The Form of Your Finished Paper  Spell-Check and Grammar-Check Programs  Anonymous (after a poem by Jerrold H. Zar), A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers    42. Writing About a Story Read Actively  Think About the Story  Pre-Writing: Discover Your Ideas  Sample Student Prewriting Exercises Write a Rough Draft  Revise Your Draft   What’s Your Purpose? Common Approaches to Writing About Fiction  Explication  Analysis  The Card report  Comparison and Contrast  Response paper   43. Writing About a Poem Read Actively  Robert Frost, Design  Think About the Poem  Pre-Writing: Discover Your Ideas Sample Student Prewriting Exercises  Write a Rough Draft  Revise Your Draft  Common Approaches to Writing About Poetry  Explication  Analysis  Comparison and contrast  Abbie Huston Evans, Wing-Spread  How to Quote a Poem  Robert Frost, In White   44. Writing About a Play  Read Critically Common Approaches to Writing About Drama  Explication  Analysis  Comparison and contrast  Card report  Drama review  How to Quote a Play  Topics for Writing    45. Writing a Research Paper Browse the Research Choose a Topic  Begin Your Research Print Resources  Online Databases  Reliable Web Sources  Visual Images  Evaluate Your Sources  Organize Your Research  Refine Your Thesis  Organize Your Paper  Write and Revise Maintain Academic Integrity  Acknowledge All Sources  Quotations  Citing Ideas  Document Sources Using MLA Style  Parenthetical References  Works Cited List  Citing Print Sources in MLA Style  Citing Web Sources in MLA Style  Sample List of Works Cited  Endnotes and Footnotes  Reference Guide for Citations    46. Writing as Discovery: Keeping a Journal  The Rewards of Keeping a Journal Sample Journal Entry  Sample Student Journal    47. Writing an Essay Exam Taking an Essay Exam      Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson   48. Critical Approaches to Literature Formalist Criticism  Cleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critic  Michael Clark, Light and Darkness in “Sonny’s Blues”  Robert Langbaum, On Robert Browning’s “My Last Duchess”  Biographical Criticism  Leslie Fiedler, The Relationship of Poet and Poem Brett C. Millier, On Elizabeth Bishop’s “One Art”  Emily Toth, The Source for AlcÉé LaballiÈre in “The Storm”  Historical Criticism  Hugh Kenner, Imagism  Seamus Deane, Joyce’s Dublin Kathryn Lee Seidel, The Economics of Zora Neale Hurston’s “Sweat” Psychological Criticism  Sigmund Freud, The Nature of Dreams  Gretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood, Fairy Tale Motifs in “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Harold Bloom, Poetic Influence Mythological Criticism  Carl Jung, The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes  Northrop Frye, Mythic Archetypes  Edmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner’s “Barn Burning”  Sociological Criticism  Georg Lukacs, Content Determines Form  Daniel P. Watkins, Money and Labor in “The Rocking-Horse Winner”  Alfred Kazin, Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln  Gender Criticism  Elaine Showalter, Toward a Feminist Poetics Nina Pelikan Straus, Transformations in The Metamorphosis  Richard R. Bozorth, “Tell Me the Truth About Love”  Reader-Response Criticism  Stanley Fish, An Eskimo “A Rose for Emily”  Robert Scholes, “How Do We Make a Poem?”  Michael J. Colacurcio, The End of Young Goodman Brown  Deconstructionist Criticism  Roland Barthes, The Death of the Author  Barbara Johnson, Rigorous Unreliability         Geoffrey Hartman, On Wordsworth’s “A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal”  Cultural Studies  Vincent B. Leitch, Poststructuralist Cultural Critique  Mark Bauerlein, What Is Cultural Studies?   Camille Paglia, A Reading of William Blake’s “The Chimney Sweeper”