Chapter 1 presents a comprehensive review of placental chorioangioma, the most common type of non-trophoblastic placental tumor with no risk of metastasis. They are usually small, single and asymptomatic. Chapter 2 discusses the role of Lipoic acid (LA) as antioxidants in lowering the incidence of some pathologies of cardiovascular diseases as well as for anti-aging. LA is a natural antioxidant which is believed to have a beneficial effect on oxidative stress parameters in relation to diseases of the cardiovascular system. Chapter 3 studies the role of pericytes in human atherogensis. Pericytes are capable of proliferation, active accumulation of lipids, production of various signaling molecules and differentiation into other cell types. Chapter 4 describes a health care economic model to estimate the direct health care costs and quality-adjusted life years of coflex-treated patients compared to patients treated with instrumented posterolateral fusion over a five-year period using updated clinical inputs and costs. Chapter 5 discusses posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), a neurotoxic state with a unique imaging appearance on CT or MRI. Worldwide incidence of PRES is unknown and majority of case reported in young to middle-aged adult with marked female predominance. Chapter 6 reviews the effectiveness of using fluoride (F-) for decreasing the prevalence and incidence of tooth decay: on the one hand, small amounts helps prevent dental caries; on the other hand, high concentrations can be potentially toxic and harmful to dental and systemic health. Chapter 7 evaluates and identifies the microbial load in oropharyngeal mucosa of tannery employees. The health risk was estimated based on identification of microorganisms found in the oropharyngeal mucosa samples. Chapter 8 discusses the molecular events to shed new light on the possible causal relationship and mechanism of action for hydrocortisone hormone therapy and the cell surface receptors which are thought of being the first step in triggering endotoxic molecular signaling into the body cells of the patients. Chapter 9 discusses about sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) which is a common but under recognised complication of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is associated with a gradually progressive, bilateral SNHL affecting predominantly higher frequencies. With increasing incidence of diabetes worldwide, diabetes-associated SNHL may become a significant contributor to hearing impairment in future. Chapter 10 reviews a rare disease which is known as unscarred uterine rupture. Many risk factors have been reported to be associated with uterine rupture without history of caesarean section. Chapter 11 analyses the results of some reports which support or not support the possible implication of magnesium in cardiovascular damage and cardiovascular outcome among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Chapter 12 provides an overview of the components of a rational fluid management in acute illness, as decisions regarding fluid therapy, whether this is in the operating room (patients undergoing high-risk surgery), intensive care unit, or emergency department, remain a highly challenged tasks. Chapter 13 provides an overview of the production trends and health benefits that may accrue from the consumption of sweet potato.