This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For courses in constitutional law.   Introduces the core principles of constitutional law in relevant and readable style using real world scenarios and contemporary topics to bring the constitution alive for today’s student! Relevant and readable, this Third Edition of Constitutional Law: Governmental Powers and Individual Freedoms remains the most up-to-date constitutional law textbook on the market. The text introduces readers to the core principles, cases, and doctrines surrounding the major issues of constitutional law, with an emphasis on governmental powers and civil liberties. Considering real-world cases and contemporary legal scenarios, along with ample visual aids, the text brings the constitution alive, making constitutional law seem relevant rather than remote and theoretical. Modern challenges, cases outside of the Supreme Court, and historical context are also considered, and the Third Edition has been updated with dozens of new cases and contemporary topics.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1 CONSTITUTIONALISM AND RULE OF LAW 1 1.1 Constitutions and Rule of Law 1 1.2 Articles of Confederation 6 1.3 Philadelphia Convention 8 1.3(a) The Delegates and Their Mandate 8 1.3(b) The Debates 11 1.3(c) Individual Rights and Slavery 15 1.3(d) Women and the Franchise 17 1.4 Ratification 17 1.5 Amendments 20 1.5(a) Original Copies of the Constitution and Bill of Rights 21 1.6 Values, Politics, and Constitutional Law 22 1.7 Judicial Review 24 1.7(a) Historical Basis 24 1.7(b) Congressional Action 26 Marbury v. Madison 29 1.7(c) Executive Action 33 United States v. Nixon 34 1.7(d) State Action 36 Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee 36 1.7(e) Shield or Sword? 39 1.7(f) A Diffused Model 41 1.7(g) An International Model 42 1.8 Judicial Eras 43 1.8(a) Early Court: The Least Dangerous Branch 43 1.8(b) Marshall Court: Expanding Federal Authority 43 1.8(c) Taney Court: States’ Rights 44 1.8(d) Reconstruction Era: Federal Authority Expands 44 1.8(e) Pre–New Deal Era: Protecting Commercial Interests 45 1.8(f) New Deal Era: Expanding Federal Authority 45 1.8(g) Warren Court: Expanding Individual Rights 46 1.8(h) Burger Court: A Moderate Approach 46 1.8(i) Rehnquist Court: Protecting States’ Rights 47 1.8(j) Roberts Court: An Unfolding Story 47 1.9 The Court Today 48 1.10 Modern Challenges 52 1.11 Summary 52 • Review Questions 53 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 54 • Notes 55   Chapter 2 Dividing Governmental Power 57 2.1 Federalism 57 2.1(a) Dual, Hierarchical, and Cooperative Federalism 59 2.1(b) State and National Powers Compared 63 2.2 Separation of Powers 65 2.3 Checks and Balances 67 2.4 Forms of State and Federal Law 69 2.5 Modern Challenges 70 2.6 Summary 70 • Review Questions 71 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 71 • Notes 73   Chapter 3 THE JUDICIARY: ITS ROLE AND JURISDICTION 74 3.1 The Federal Court System 74 3.2 Federal Judges 77 3.3 Formal and Informal Controls on the Federal Judiciary 82 3.3(a) Formal Constraints 83 3.3(b) Informal Constraints 84 3.4 The Role of the Federal Judiciary 85 3.5 Federal Judicial Jurisdiction 87 3.5(a) Case-or-Controversy Requirement 87 Nashville, Cincinnati, and St. Louis Railway v. Wallace 89 3.5(b) Federal Question and Diversity Jurisdiction 90 Federal Question Jurisdiction 90 Grable & Sons v. Darue Engineering 91 Diversity of Citizenship Jurisdiction 93 3.5(c) Pendent Jurisdiction, Removal, and Other Practice Issues 94 Pendent Jurisdiction 94 Removal 94 3.5(d) Supreme Court Jurisdiction 95 Original Jurisdiction 95 Appellate Jurisdiction 97 Ex Parte McCardle 101 United States v. Klein 103 3.5(e) Lower Courts’ Jurisdictions 105 Article III Courts 105 Article I and Article II Courts 107 Administrative Tribunals 108 3.6 Limitations on Federal Judicial Power 109 3.6(a) Ripeness and Mootness 109 Ripeness 109 Mootness 109 Exceptions to Mootness 110 3.6(b) Standing 111 Injury in Fact 111 Sierra Club v. Morton 111 Causation 113 Administrative Law Standing 113 Citizen and Taxpayer Standing 114 Hein v. Freedom from Religion Foundation, Inc. 115 Association Standing 119 Government Standing and Parens Patriae 119 Congressperson Standing 119 Third-Party Standing 120 Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow 120 Hollingsworth v. Perry 122 Credible Threat of Prosecution 123 Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus 123 3.6(c) Political Questions 125 Foreign Affairs, National Security, and Military 128 Tenet v. Doe 128 Exceptions 130 Nixon v. United States 130 3.6(d) Abstention 132 Unsettled State Law 132 Traditional State Law Issues 132 Younger Doctrine 133 3.6(e) Sovereign Immunity and the Eleventh Amendment 133 Coleman v. Court of Appeals of Maryland 136 3.6(f) Other Limitations 137 3.7 State Court Jurisdiction 138 3.8 Constitutional Interpretation 139 3.8(a) Originalism 139 3.8(b) Modernism 141 3.8(c) Historical and Contemporary Literalism 143 3.8(d) Democratic Reinforcement 143 3.8(e) The Interpretation Process 144 3.8(f) Stare Decisis, Canons, and Practices Affecting Interpretation 145 3.8(g) Political Values and Judicial Decisions 150 3.9 Modern Challenges 150 3.10 Summary 151 • Review Questions 152 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 152 • Notes 153   Chapter 4 CONGRESS 158 4.1 Legislatures Generally 158 4.2 The Structure and Organization of Congress 160 4.3 Membership in Congress 161 4.3(a) Qualifications and Election 161 4.3(b) Leadership and Rules 165 4.3(c) Discipline and Punishment 166 Expulsion 166 Censorship and Other Discipline 166 4.3(d) Immunity 167 Gravel v. United States 167 U.S.A v. Rayburn House Office Building, Room 2113, Washington, D.C. 20515 170 4.3(e) Vacancies 175 4.4 Congressional Authority Generally 175 4.5 Commerce Power 176 Gibbons v. Ogden 176 4.5(a) Early Commerce Clause Cases 177 4.5(b) The New Deal and the Commerce Clause 178 4.5(c) The Commerce Clause Today 178 Affectation and Cumulative Affects 179 Wickard v. Filburn 179 The Outer Limit 180 United States v. Lopez 181 United States v. Morrison 184 Gonzales v. Raich 186 4.6 Taxing, Spending, and Borrowing Powers 189 4.7 International, War, and Military Powers 191 4.8 Emergency Powers 191 4.9 Investigatory Powers 192 4.10 Confirmation and Impeachment Powers 193 4.10(a) Appointment and Confirmation 193 4.10(b) Impeachment 194 4.11 Initiation of Constitutional Amendments 199 4.12 Power Over Federal Courts 200 4.13 Federal Property, Territories, and Native Americans 201 4.14 Enforcement of Civil Rights 202  Katzenbach v. Morgan 202 United States v. Morrison 204 4.15 Other Powers 205 Association of Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics 569 U.S. (2013) 205 4.16 Necessary and Proper Powers 207 United States v. Comstock 208 4.17 Modern Challenges 210 4.18 Summary 211 • Review Questions 211 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 212 • Notes 213   Chapter 5 THE PRESIDENCY 215 5.1 Models of Presidential Authority 215 5.2 Selection, Tenure, and Succession 219 Bush v. Gore 222 5.3 Shared Powers 225 5.4 Domestic Powers 225 5.4(a) Legislation 225 5.4(b) Signing Statements 226 5.4(c) Executive Orders, Proclamations, Memoranda 228 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 229 5.4(d) Impoundment, Nondefense, and Nonenforcement of Laws 231 5.4(e) Appointment and Removal of Officials 232 National Labor Relations Board v. Canning 235 Myers v. United States 240 Humphrey’s Executor v. United States 241 Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Corporation Accounting Oversight Board 244 5.4(f) Reprieves and Pardons 245 5.4(g) Chief Administrative Officer 248 5.4(h) Emergency Powers 248 Korematsu v. United States 252 Ex Parte Endo 254 5.5 Foreign Affairs Powers 256 5.6 Treaties and Executive Agreements 257 5.6(a) Treaty Power 257 5.6(b) Executory and Self-Executing Treaties 259 5.6(c) Executive Agreements 259 Dames & Moore v. Regan 261 5.7 War Powers 264 5.7(a) War Against Terrorism 266 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 267 5.8 Presidential Privilege 271 5.9 Presidential Immunity 274 Jones v. Clinton 276 5.10 Modern Challenges 278 5.11 Summary 279 • Review Questions 279 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 280 • Notes 280   Chapter 6 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL SCHEME 283 6.1 Introduction 283 6.2 Agencies and Separation of Powers Principles 284 6.3 Appointment and Control of Federal Officers 285 6.4 Delegation 286 6.5 Nondelegation Doctrine 286 6.5(a) Quasi-Legislative Powers 287 6.5(b) Quasi-Adjudicative Powers 290 6.5(c) Criminal Law Powers 293 Touby v. United States 294 6.5(d) Administrative Procedure Act 295 6.6 Legislative Veto 296 Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha 296 6.7 Modern Challenges 299 6.8 Summary 299 • Review Questions 299 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 300 • Notes 300   Chapter 7 CONTEMPORARY FEDERALISM: THE STATE AND FEDERAL RELATIONSHIP 302 7.1 State Authorities 303 7.2 Congressional Action: Preemption and Validation 306 Preston v. Ferrer 309 7.3 Congressional Inaction: The Dormant Commerce Clause 310 American Trucking Associations, INC. v. Michigan Public Service Commission 311 7.3(a) Discriminatory State Laws 312 7.3(b) Burdensome State Laws 315 7.3(c) Liquor Laws 316 7.3(d) State Taxation as Discriminatory and Burdensome 317 7.3(e) State as Market Participant 319 7.3(f) Privileges and Immunities 320 McBurney v. Young 320 7.4 Intergovernmental Immunity 322 Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority 323 7.5 Compacts, Interstate Comity, Full Faith and Credit 326 7.6 G uarantee and Militia Clauses 327 7.7 State Constitutionalism and the New Federalism 328 7.7(a) Approaches to Dual Constitutionalism 330 United States v. Leon 332 Commonwealth v. Edmunds 333 7.8 Modern Challenges 334 7.9 Summary 334 • Review Questions 335 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 335 • Notes 336   Chapter 8 THE BILL OF RIGHTS 339 8.1 Why Do We Have a Bill of Rights? 339 8.2 Who Is Protected by the Bill of Rights? 343 United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez 345 8.3 Who Is Limited by the Bill of Rights? 347 Hurtado v. California 349 Palko v. State of Connecticut 350 McDonald et al. v. City of Chicago, Illinois, et al. 354 8.4 What Rights Are Protected? 355 Griswold v. Connecticut 357 8.5 What Does the Bill of Rights Require of the Government? 358 8.6 Modern Challenges 359 8.7 Summary 361 • Review Questions 361 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 362 • Notes 363   Chapter 9 FIRST AMENDMENT FREEDOMS OF EXPRESSION, ASSOCIATION, AND PRESS 364 9.1 The Values Served by the Freedom of Expression 364 9.2 The Scope and Substance of the First Amendment 367 9.3 Basic Approaches to Freedom of Speech 368 9.3(a) Conduct Versus Expression 369 Texas v. Johnson 369 9.3(b) Balancing Tests for Regulating Speech 371 Schenck v. United States 371 Brandenburg v. Ohio 373 9.4 Freedom of Speech: Other Factors to Consider 374 9.4(a) Content Versus Conduct 374 9.4(b) Vagueness and Overbreadth 374 9.4(c) Ban Versus Regulation 375 ¿ Republican Party of Minnesota v. White 376 9.4(d) Public Versus Nonpublic Forum 377 9.4(e) Content and Viewpoint Neutrality 378 9.4(f) Types of Speech 379 Sexual Expression 379 Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition 381 Fighting Words 382 Elonis v. United States 383 Offensive Speech and Hate Speech 385 Defamation 387 Commercial Speech 387 United States v. Alvarez 388 9.4(g) Assessing Governmental Limitations on Speech 391 9.5 Speech and Political Campaigns 392 Citizens United, Appellant v. Federal Election Commission 395 9.6 Freedom of Association 397 Boy Scouts of America v. Dale 398 9.7 Freedom of the Press 399 9.8 Modern Challenges 403 9.9 Summary 403 • Review Questions 404 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 405 • Notes 406     Chapter 10 RELIGION AND THE CONSTITUTION 409 10.1 The Founding of the Religion Clauses 410 10.2 The Textual Meaning of the Religion Clauses 411 10.3 Competing Interpretations of the Establishment Clause 414 10.4 Tests Used to Interpret and Apply the Establishment Clause 414 Lemon v. Kurtzman 415 Newdow v. United States Congress 417 Rev’d Sub Nom. Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow 417 Perry v. Van Orden 421 McCreary County, Kentucky, v. ACLU 422 Town of Greece v. Galloway 425 10.5 The Free Exercise Clause 426 Sherbert v. Verner 428 Employment Division v. Smith 430 10.6 Continuing the Debate Over the Free Exercise of Religion 431 Hobby Lobby v. Burwell 432 10.7 Modern Challenges 436 10.8 Summary 437 • Review Questions 438 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 439 • Notes 440   Chapter 11 SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS: PRIVACY, PERSONAL AUTONOMY, AND OTHER LIBERTIES 442 11.1 Substantive Due Process 443 11.2 The Right to Privacy 445 11.2(a) Defining Privacy 445 11.2(b) Balancing Privacy Against Competing Interests 445 11.2(c) Constitutional Sources of Privacy 446 11.3 Reproductive Liberties 448 Roe v. Wade 449 Planned Parenthood v. Casey 451 11.4 Personal Autonomy and Human Sexuality 455 Lawrence v. Texas 457 11.5 The Liberty of Marriage: The Same-Sex Marriage Cases 460 11.5(a) State Bans on Same-Sex Marriage 460 Obergefell v. Hodges 461 11.5(b) The Federal Defense of Marriage Act 464 United States v. Windsor 466 11.6 The Right to Die 468 Washington v. Glucksberg 469 Gonzales v. Oregon 470 11.7 Modern Challenges 472 11.8 Economic Liberties 472 11.8(a) Due Process and the Liberty of Contract 472 Lochner v. New York 473 11.8(b) The Contract Clause 475 11.8(c) The Takings Clause 476 Kelo v. City of New London 478 11.9 Modern Challenges 479 11.10 Summary 479 • Review Questions 481 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 481 • Notes 482   Chapter 12 EQUAL PROTECTION 484 12.1 Equality as a Constitutional Value 484 Dred Scott v. Sandford 485 12.2 Setting the Stage for Equal Protection 488 12.2(a) State and Federal Sources for Equal Protection 488 Bolling v. Sharpe 489 12.2(b) The Need for “State” Action 489 12.2(c) Nongovernmental Discrimination 490 12.3 The Equal Protection Clause 492 12.3(a) How Suspicious Is the Discrimination? 493 12.3(b) What Constitutional Standard Applies? 494 12.3(c) Putting It All Together: State Action, Civil Rights Laws, and Equal Protection 495 12.4 Race-Based Classifications 497 12.4(a) The Separate but Equal Doctrine 497 Plessy v. Ferguson 498 12.4(b) Ignoring Plessy: Brown v. Board of Education 499 Brown v. Board of Education I 499 12.4(c) Implementing Brown’s Mandate: School Desegregation Cases 500 Brown v. Board of Education II 500 12.4(d) Race as a Suspect Form of Discrimination 502 Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 and Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education 503 12.4(e) Affirmative Action 504 Grutter v. Bollinger 506 Gratz v. Bollinger et al. 507 Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin 508 12.5 Modern Challenges 510 12.6 Sex-Based Classifications 511 Frontiero v. Richardson 511 United States v. Virginia 513 12.7 Sexual Orientation and Identity 515 Romer v. Evans 516 In The Supreme Court of Iowa No. 07–1499 517 12.8 Modern Challenges 520 12.9 Other Characteristic-Driven Classifications 521 12.9(a) Alienage 521 12.9(b) Parents’ Marital Status at Birth (“Illegitimacy”) 522 12.9(c) Age 522 12.9(d) Wealth 522 San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez 523 12.10 Classifications that Interfere with Fundamental Rights 525 Shapiro v. Thompson 527 12.11 Voting Rights 528 12.11(a) Legislative Redistricting 529 12.11(b) National Standards Versus States’ Rights 530 Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder 531 12.11(c) State Restrictions on Individual Voting 534 12.12 Modern Challenges 535 12.13 Summary 536 • Review Questions 537 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 537 • Notes 538   Chapter 13 CIVIL LIBERTIES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 541 13.1 Constitutional Values in the Criminal Context 542 13.2 Unreasonable Searches and Seizures 543 13.2(a) The Arrest, Seizure, and Detention of Persons 544 Seizure of Persons 544 Arrests 544 13.2(a)(2)(A) The Need for Probable Cause 545 13.2(a)(2)(B) Use of Deadly or Excessive Force 546 13.2(a)(3)(A) Need for Reasonable Suspicion 548 13.2(a)(3)(B) Detention Must Be Relatively Brief 549 13.2(a)(3)(C) Police Patdowns or Frisks 549 13.2(a)(3)(D) Stop and Identify Laws 550 13.2(a)(3)(E) Motor Vehicle Stops 550 Brendlin v. California 551 13.2(a)(3)(F) Traffic Checkpoints 552 13.2(a)(3)(G) Other Motor Vehicle Stops 552 13.2(b) Evidentiary Searches and Seizures 552 Governmental Conduct 552 Reasonable Expectation of Privacy 553 Government Occupation of a Person’s Property 554 United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. ___ 2012 555 The Process for Evaluating Evidentiary Searches and Seizures 556 13.2(c) Warrant-Based Searches and Seizures 557 Validity of a Search Warrant 557 Execution of Warrant 558 Good Faith Exception 559 13.2(d) Warrantless Evidentiary Searches and Seizures 559 Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement 559 13.2(d)(1)(A) Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest 559 Riley v. California, 573 U.S. ___ (2014) 560 13.2(d)(1)(B) Consent Searches 562 13.2(d)(1)(C) Plain View Searches 563 13.2(d)(1)(D) Terry Searches (Stop and Frisk) 563 13.2(d)(1)(E) Exigent Circumstances 564 13.2(d)(1)(F) Vehicle Searches 564 13.2(d)(1)(G) Administrative and Border Searches 565 13.2(d)(1)(H) School Searches 565 Safford Unified School District #1 v. Redding 566 13.3 Modern Challenges 569 13.4 The Right Against Self-Incrimination 569 13.4(a) Custodial Interrogation Requirement 570 13.4(b) Miranda Warnings 571 13.4(c) Basic Framework for Self-Incrimination Issues 572 13.5 The Exclusionary Rule 573 13.6 The Right to Counsel 574 Padilla v. Kentucky 575 13.7 The Right Against Double Jeopardy 576 13.8 The Right to a Fair Trail 577 Public Trial 578 Speedy Trial 578 Jury Trial 578 Juries and Sentencing Factors 579 United States v. Booker and United States v. Fanfan 580 Right to Confront Witnesses 581 Due Process and the Disclosure of Evidence 582 Equal Protection and Prosecutorial Prejudice 582 13.9 Cruel and Unusual Punishment 582 Kennedy v. Louisiana 586 13.10 Modern Challenges 587 13.11 Summary 587 • Review Questions 589 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 589 • Notes 591 Appendix A Constitution of the United States of America 595 Glossary 609 Index 621