About the Book
Daniel-Francois-Esprit Auber (1782-1871), once one of the most well-known and well-loved names in French 19th-century opera, came later in life than many famous composers to his art, yet had one of the longest and most successful careers. He studied with Cherubini after abandoning an initial attempt to establish a career in commerce, and experienced his first real triumph at the age of 38 with La Bergere Chateleine (1820). His subsequent association with the librettist Eugene Scribe (1791-1861), a collaboration that lasted until Scribe's death, became one of the most famous and successful partnerships in musical history. Works such as Le Macon (1825) and La Muette de Portici (1828) cemented Auber's popularity with the public and drew official recognition and honours. In 1829 he was appointed a member of the Institut, in 1839 Director of Concerts at Court, in 1842 Director of the Conservatoire, in 1852 Musical Director of the Imperial Chapel, and in 1861 Grand Officer of the Legion d'Honneur. Auber's grand opera La Muette de Portici (also known by its hero's name as Masaniello), a work of great significance in the history of opera, is set against a background of revolution and uprising-a situation that Auber knew only too well. He lived through four French Revolutions (1789, 1830, 1848, 1870), dying at the advanced age of 89 in the desperate conditions of the Commune, of a long-standing illness aggravated by the dangers and privations that attended the Siege of Paris. Auber had always loved his home city, and was not prepared to leave it, even after his house had been set on fire by the petroleurs et petroleuses. Ironically, a mark had been placed against the house of the composer of La Muette de Portici, a man so successful in depicting revolutionary fervour that a performance of this opera in Brussels in 1830 had helped to inspire the revolution that led to the separation of Belgium from Holland. Auber's charming and graceful overtures were once staples of the light Classical repertoire, known and loved everywhere. His gracious melodies and dance rhythms had an overwhelming influence on piano and instrumental music, and on the genre of Romantic comic opera, especially in Germany. His operas, apart from Fra Diavolo (1830), have virtually passed out of the repertoire. Contemporary audiences are not attuned to Auber's elegant and restrained art, accustomed as they are to verismo, high Wagnerian ideology, and 20th-century experimentalism, but those willing to listen are rewarded by works that retain all their freshness, delicacy and charm. La Barcarolle, an opera-comique in three acts, with libretto by Eugene Scribe, was premiered at the Opera-Comique (Deuxieme Salle Favart) on 22 April 1845. The opera is set in Parma in the 18th century, and the story involves a tale of artistic rivalry and social aspiration in the midst of Court intrigue. The Count de Fiesque gives his half-brother, the composer Fabio, the poem to a barcarolle which Fabio is to set to music, and thus bring his work to the attention of the Grand Duke. The Kapellmeister Cafarini and the Marquis de Felino, who are seeking advancement at court themselves, secretly copy the poem, set it to the music they overhear Fabio singing, and send it to the Duchess. The Grand Duke discovers the barcarolle, suspects the Count of being an admirer of his wife, and has him arrested. Fabio learns through Cafarini's niece Gina of the Kapellmeister's part in the plot, and having been forbidden entry to the Duke's concert, disguises himself as a member of the orchestra and places the parts to his barcarolle on the music stands. Gina saves Fabio from arrest by producing the music in Cafarini's handwriting; the Kapellmeister disentangles himself by identifying the Marquis's draft. The Duke pardons everyone. The libretto is simply structured, but the action moves forward most skilfully. Traces of topical humour characteristic of the original comedie-vaudeville that the libretto was derived from have been retained in the dialogue, even though these elements have been fundamentally toned down. This creates an unconscious and slightly discordant duality between the spoken and musical numbers. The Marquis is not altogether convincing as a villain, and his intrigues to imprison the Count and exile Fabio seem exaggerated and out of context. Auber's music is elegant, pliable and distinguished, like all his work. Many motifs recall memories from earlier works. The soprano air for Gina in act 1 (Personne en ces lieux ne m'a vue) and the comic duet for two basses (Viens, que par toi nos muses) offer good musical declamation. There is a touching duet in act 1 for Fabio and the Count, in which they celebrate their kinship. The Barcarolle itself serves as a Leitmotif, presented imaginatively in various forms throughout the work-solo, duet, quintet, sextet, and finally quartet at the end of the opera. Of the sixteen numbers in the score, eight are duets, six of them for male voices, and two for the two basses. The score also tunes into a tradition of satire-both of musicians and artists, and of musical styles, in the manner of the most famous French example, the enduringly popular Le Maitre de chapelle (1821) by Ferdinando Paer. The original cast were: Gustave-Hippolyte Roger (Fabio), Chaix (Felino), Leonard Hermann-Leon (Cafarini), Edouard Gassier (Count de Fiesque), Anoinette-Jeanne-Hermance Revilly (Clelia), and Mlle Octavie Delille (Gina). The work did not last beyond the year of its premiere, 1845. There were 27 performances. After the economic slump of 1845, frivolous tales found little public response, and this may well have turned normally receptive listeners away from this work in which the collaboration between Scribe and Auber is subtle but essentially most effective.
About the Author: Robert Ignatius Letellier has specialized in the music and literature of the Romantic Period. He has studied the work of Giacomo Meyerbeer (a four-volume English edition of his diaries, a collection of critical and biographical studies, a guide to research, two readings of the operas, as well as compiling and introducing editions of the complete libretti and non-operatic texts, and a selection of manuscripts facsimiles). He has also written on the ballets of Ludwig Minkus, compiled a series of scores on the Romantic Ballet, and produced studies of the opera-comique and Daniel-Francois-Esprit Auber.
