EU Regulations 817 and 818 of 2019 establish a framework for the interoperability between six large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice. This book analyses the regime on the communication of personal data while providing an exhaustive understanding of interoperability's operational functioning. It suggests how to allign its international projection with the EU's external activity in the data protection field.

Table of Contents:
Preface List of Illustrations Abbreviations The External Reach of Interoperability in the European Union’s Area of Freedom, Security and Justice An Introduction  1 Background  2 Objective and Research Questions  3 Legal Framework  4 Preliminary Remarks  5 Previous Studies and Current Situation  6 Methodology  7 Structure part 1 1 The Elaboration of Data Protection Standards in International Privacy Law The European Human-Centric Approach to Digital Technology  1 Introduction  2 The United Nations’ Delayed, Soft Response to Technology Challenges  3 The Right to Respect for Private and Family Life and the Council of Europe’s Convention 108  3.1 The Scope of Convention 108 and Its Regime on Transborder Data Flows  3.2 It is Time to Modernise Convention 108: Convention 108+  4 Other Soft, Privacy Law Frameworks: Privacy Interoperability  5 Conclusion 2 The European Union as a Normative Power in the Field of Personal Data Protection A New Reading of the European Union’s Regime on Personal Data Transfers  1 Introduction  2 A Non-European Union’s Competence on the Protection of Personal Data  2.1 The European Community’s Data Protection Directive  2.2 The European Union’s Data Protection Framework Decision  3 A European Union’s Fundamental (Human?) Right to the Protection of Personal Data  3.1 Data Protection as a New Supranational Fundamental Right under Union’s Law  3.2 The Codification of Principles and Rights to Protect Personal Data (and their Limits) in the European Union  4 The Provision of a European Union’s Competence Based on Article 16(2) of the tfeu  4.1 The Characteristics of the Union’s Competence Based on Article 16(2) of the tfeu  4.2 The European Union’s External (Implied) Competence Based on Article 16(2) of the tfeu  5 Conclusion 3 The European Union’s Clause on Privacy and Data Protection in International Agreements Conditioning Personal Data Transfers to the European Union’s Human Rights System  1 Introduction  2 The European Union’s Association Agreements  2.1 The European Union’s Stabilisation and Association Agreements  2.2 The Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements  2.3 Other European Union’s Association Agreements  3 The European Union’s Cooperation Agreements  3.1 The European Union’s Trade Agreements  3.2 Trade and Cooperation Agreements  3.3 Partnership and Cooperation Agreements  3.4 Cooperation and Development Agreements  3.5 Trade, Development, and Cooperation Agreements  3.6 Economic Partnership, Political Coordination, and Cooperation Agreements  4 The Clause on Data Protection in the European Union’s Freedom, Security and Justice Agreements  4.1 The European Union’s Agreements on Migration, Asylum, and Visa  4.2 The European Union’s Agreements on Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters  5 Conclusion Part 2 4 The Processing of Personal Data within the European Union’s Large-Scale it Systems Weighting Data Protection Rights in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice  1 Introduction  2 The Schengen Information System (sis)  2.1 From the First to the Second Generation of the sis  2.2 A “Second” Second Generation of the sis  3 The European Asylum Dactyloscopy Database (Eurodac)  3.1 The 2013 Eurodac Recast Regulation  3.2 The 2016 Eurodac Recast Proposal  3.3 The 2020 Amended Eurodac Recast Proposal  4 The Visa Information System (vis)  4.1 The vis Regulation  4.2 The vis lea Decision  4.3 The vis Revised Regulation  5 The Entry/Exit System (ees)  5.1 The 2008 Proposals on the ees and the Registered Traveller Programme  5.2 The 2017 Regulation on the Establishment of the ees  6 The European Travel Information and Authorisation System (etias)  6.1 The Choice of the Correct Legal Basis  6.2 The Categories of Personal Data  6.3 The Rules on the Protection of Personal Data  6.4 The Procedure for Issuing a European Travel Authorisation  7 The European Criminal Records Information System for Third-Country Nationals (ecris-tcn)  7.1 The European Information System on Criminal Records (ecris)  7.2 The ecris-tcn Regulation  8 Conclusion 5 The Interoperability between Large-Scale it Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice Context, Content, and Purposes of Regulations (EU) 817 and 818 of 2019  1 Introduction  2 Historical Background  2.1 Interoperability in the Aftermath of 11-S  2.2 The Adoption of the Interoperability Package  3 The Range of the Interoperability Framework  3.1 Interoperability in-between the Schengen Acquis and the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice  3.2 A New it Infrastructure for Large-Scale it Systems: The Interoperability’s Components  3.3 Interoperability’s Own Objectives  3.4 Measures Supporting Interoperability  4 Conclusion 6 Global Interoperability for the European Union’s Freedom, Security and Justice Purposes Sharing Personal Data Stored in, Processed, or Accessed by the Interoperability Components  1 Introduction  2 Global Interoperability in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice  3 The External Dimension of Large-Scale it Systems  3.1 The Communication of Personal Data for Borders, Visas, Asylum, and Migration Purposes  3.2 The Communication of Personal Data for Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters Purposes  4 The Processing of Personal Data, Including Its Transfer, by Europol  4.1 The Europol Information System  4.2 The Transfer of Personal Data through the Europol’s Operational Agreements  4.3 The Transfer of Personal Data through Adequacy Decisions, International Agreements, and Administrative Arrangements  4.4 The Exchange of Personal Data with Private Parties  5 Interoperability with Interpol’s Databases  5.1 Issues Stemming from Interpol’s Red Notices  5.2 Consultation of Interpol’s Databases  5.3 Toward a Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and Interpol  6 Conclusion  Conclusions References Index