This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. Database Systems is ideal for a one- or two-term course in database management or database design in an undergraduate or graduate level course. With its comprehensive coverage, this book can also be used as a reference for IT professionals. This best-selling text introduces the theory behind databases in a concise yet comprehensive manner, providing database design methodology that can be used by both technical and non-technical readers. The methodology for relational Database Management Systems is presented in simple, step-by-step instructions in conjunction with a realistic worked example using three explicit phases—conceptual, logical, and physical database design. ¿ Teaching and Learning Experience This program presents a better teaching and learning experience–for you and your students. It provides: Database Design Methodology that can be Used by Both Technical and Non-technical Readers A Comprehensive Introduction to the Theory behind Databases A Clear Presentation that Supports Learning

Table of Contents:
Table of Contents Part 1 Background Chapter 1 Introduction to Databases 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Traditional File-Based Systems 1.2.1 File-Based Approach 1.2.2 Limitations of the File-Based Approach 1.3 Database Approach 1.3.1 The Database 1.3.2 The Database Management System (DBMS) 1.3.3 (Database) Application Programs 1.3.4 Components of the DBMS Environment 1.3.5 Database Design: The Paradigm Shift 1.4 Roles in the Database Environment 1.4.1 Data and Database Administrators 1.4.2 Database Designers 1.4.3 Application Developers 1.4.4 End-Users 1.5 History of Database Management Systems 1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMSs Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 2 Database Environment 2.1 The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture 2.1.1 External Level 2.1.2 Conceptual Level 2.1.3 Internal Level 2.1.4 Schemas, Mappings, and Instances 2.1.5 Data Independence 2.2 Database Languages 2.2.1 The Data Definition Language (DDL) 2.2.2 The Data Manipulation Language (DML) 2.2.3 Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs) 2.3 Data Models and Conceptual Modeling 2.3.1 Object-Based Data Models 2.3.2 Record-Based Data Models 2.3.3 Physical Data Models 2.3.4 Conceptual Modeling 2.4 Functions of a DBMS Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 3 Database Architectures and the Web 3.1 Multi-user DBMS Architectures 3.1.1 Teleprocessing 3.1.2 File-Server Architecture 3.1.3 Traditional Two-Tier Client—Server Architecture 3.1.4 Three-Tier Client—Server Architecture 3.1.5 N-Tier Architectures 3.1.6 Middleware 3.1.7 Transaction Processing Monitors 3.2 Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures 3.2.1 Web Services 3.2.2 Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) 3.3 Distributed DBMSs 3.4 Data Warehousing 3.5 Cloud Computing 3.5.1 Benefits and Risks of Cloud Computing 3.5.2 Cloud-based database solutions 3.6 Components of a DBMS 3.7 Oracle Architecture 3.7.1 Oracle’s Logical Database Structure 3.7.2 Oracle’s Physical Database Structure Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Part 2 The Relational Model and Languages Chapter 4 The Relational Model 4.1 Brief History of the Relational Model 4.2 Terminology 4.2.1 Relational Data Structure 4.2.2 Mathematical Relations 4.2.3 Database Relations 4.2.4 Properties of Relations 4.2.5 Relational Keys 4.2.6 Representing Relational Database Schemas 4.3 Integrity Constraints 4.3.1 Nulls 4.3.2 Entity Integrity 4.3.3 Referential Integrity 4.3.4 General Constraints 4.4 Views 4.4.1 Terminology 4.4.2 Purpose of Views 4.4.3 Updating Views Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 5 Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus 5.1 The Relational Algebra 5.1.1 Unary Operations 5.1.2 Set Operations 5.1.3 Join Operations 5.1.4 Division Operation 5.1.5 Aggregation and Grouping Operations 5.1.6 Summary of the Relational Algebra Operations 5.2 The Relational Calculus 5.2.1 Tuple Relational Calculus 5.2.2 Domain Relational Calculus 5.3 Other Languages Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 6 SQL: Data Manipulation 6.1 Introduction to SQL 6.1.1 Objectives of SQL 6.1.2 History of SQL 6.1.3 Importance of SQL 6.1.4 Terminology 6.2 Writing SQL Commands 6.3 Data Manipulation 6.3.1 Simple Queries 6.3.2 Sorting Results (ORDER BY Clause) 6.3.3 Using the SQL Aggregate Functions 6.3.4 Grouping Results (GROUP BY Clause) 6.3.5 Subqueries 6.3.6 ANY and ALL 6.3.7 Multi-table Queries 6.3.8 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS 6.3.9 Combining Result Tables (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT) 6.3.10 Database Updates Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 7 SQL: Data Definition 7.1 The ISO SQL Data Types 7.1.1 SQL Identifiers 7.1.2 SQL Scalar Data Types 7.2 Integrity Enhancement Feature 7.2.1 Required Data 7.2.2 Domain Constraints 7.2.3 Entity Integrity 7.2.4 Referential Integrity 7.2.5 General Constraints 7.3 Data Definition 7.3.1 Creating a Database 7.3.2 Creating a Table (CREATE TABLE) 7.3.3 Changing a Table Definition (ALTER TABLE) 7.3.4 Removing a Table (DROP TABLE) 7.3.5 Creating an Index (CREATE INDEX) 7.3.6 Removing an Index (DROP INDEX) 7.4 Views 7.4.1 Creating a View (CREATE VIEW) 7.4.2 Removing a View (DROP VIEW) 7.4.3 View Resolution 7.4.4 Restrictions on Views 7.4.5 View Updatability 7.4.6 WITH CHECK OPTION 7.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Views 7.4.8 View Materialization 7.5 Transactions 7.5.1 Immediate and Deferred Integrity Constraints 7.6 Discretionary Access Control 7.6.1 Granting Privileges to Other Users (GRANT) 7.6.2 Revoking Privileges from Users (REVOKE) Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 8 Advanced SQL 8.1 The SQL Programming Language 8.1.1 Declarations 8.1.2 Assignments 8.1.3 Control Statements 8.1.4 Exceptions in PL/SQL 8.1.5 Cursors in PL/SQL 8.2 Subprograms, Stored Procedures, Functions, and Packages 8.3 Triggers 8.4 Recursion Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 9 Object-Relational DBMSs 9.1 Advanced Database Applications 9.2 Weaknesses of RDBMSs 9.3 Storing Objects in a Relational Database 9.3.1 Mapping Classes to Relations 9.3.2 Accessing Objects in the Relational Database 9.4 Introduction to Object-Relational Database Systems 9.5 SQL:2011 9.5.1 Row Types 9.5.2 User-Defined Types 9.5.3 Subtypes and Supertypes 9.5.4 User-Defined Routines 9.5.5 Polymorphism 9.5.6 Reference Types and Object Identity 9.5.7 Creating Tables 9.5.8 Querying Data 9.5.9 Collection Types 9.5.10 Typed Views 9.5.11 Persistent Stored Modules 9.5.12 Triggers 9.5.13 Large Objects 9.5.14 Recursion 9.6 Object-Oriented Extensions in Oracle 9.6.1 User-Defined Data Types 9.6.2 Manipulating Object Tables 9.6.3 Object Views 9.6.4 Privileges Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Part 3 Database Analysis and Design Chapter 10 Database System Development Lifecycle 10.1 The Information Systems Lifecycle 10.2 The Database System Development Lifecycle 10.3 Database Planning 10.4 System Definition 10.4.1 User Views 10.5 Requirements Collection and Analysis 10.5.1 Centralized Approach 10.5.2 View Integration Approach 10.6 Database Design 10.6.1 Approaches to Database Design 10.6.2 Data Modeling 10.6.3 Phases of Database Design 10.7 DBMS Selection 10.7.1 Selecting the DBMS 10.8 Application Design 10.8.1 Transaction Design 10.8.2 User Interface Design Guidelines 10.9 Prototyping 10.10 Implementation 10.11 Data Conversion and Loading 10.12 Testing 10.13 Operational Maintenance 10.14 CASE Tools Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 11 Database Analysis and the DreamHome Case Study 11.1 When Are Fact-Finding Techniques Used? 11.2 What Facts Are Collected? 11.3 Fact-Finding Techniques 11.3.1 Examining Documentation 11.3.2 Interviewing 11.3.3 Observing the Enterprise in Operation 11.3.4 Research 11.3.5 Questionnaires 11.4 Using Fact-Finding Techniques: A Worked -Example 11.4.1 The DreamHome Case Study–An Overview of the Current System 11.4.2 The DreamHome Case Study–Database Planning 11.4.3 The DreamHome Case Study–System Definition 11.4.4 The DreamHome Case Study–Requirements Collection and Analysis 11.4.5 The DreamHome Case Study–Database Design Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 12 Entity—Relationship Modeling 12.1 Entity Types 12.2 Relationship Types 12.2.1 Degree of Relationship Type 12.2.2 Recursive Relationship 12.3 Attributes 12.3.1 Simple and Composite Attributes 12.3.2 Single-valued and Multi-valued Attributes 12.3.3 Derived Attributes 12.3.4 Keys 12.4 Strong and Weak Entity Types 12.5 Attributes on Relationships 12.6 Structural Constraints 12.6.1 One-to-One (1:1) Relationships 12.6.2 One-to-Many (1:*) Relationships 12.6.3 Many-to-Many (*:*) Relationships 12.6.4 Multiplicity for Complex Relationships 12.6.5 Cardinality and Participation Constraints 12.7 Problems with ER Models 12.7.1 Fan Traps 12.7.2 Chasm Traps Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 13 Enhanced Entity—Relationship Modeling 13.1 Specialization/Generalization 13.1.1 Superclasses and Subclasses 13.1.2 Superclass/Subclass Relationships 13.1.3 Attribute Inheritance 13.1.4 Specialization Process 13.1.5 Generalization Process 13.1.6 Constraints on Specialization/Generalization 13.1.7 Worked Example of using Specialization/ Generalization to Model the Branch View of the DreamHome Case Study 13.2 Aggregation 13.3 Composition Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 14 Normalization 14.1 The Purpose of Normalization 14.2 How Normalization Supports Database Design 14.3 Data Redundancy and Update Anomalies 14.3.1 Insertion Anomalies 14.3.2 Deletion Anomalies 14.3.3 Modification Anomalies 14.4 Functional Dependencies 14.4.1 Characteristics of Functional Dependencies 14.4.2 Identifying Functional Dependencies 14.4.3 Identifying the Primary Key for a Relation Using Functional Dependencies 14.5 The Process of Normalization 14.6 First Normal Form (1NF) 14.7 Second Normal Form (2NF) 14.8 Third Normal Form (3NF) 14.9 General Definitions of 2NF and 3NF Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 15 Advanced Normalization 15.1 More on Functional Dependencies 15.1.1 Inference Rules for Functional Dependencies 15.1.2 Minimal Sets of Functional Dependencies 15.2 Boyce—Codd Normal Form (BCNF) 15.2.1 Definition of BCNF 15.3 Review of Normalization Up to BCNF 15.4 Fourth Normal Form (4NF) 15.4.1 Multi-Valued Dependency 15.4.2 Definition of Fourth Normal Form 15.5 Fifth Normal Form (5NF) 15.5.1 Lossless-Join Dependency 15.5.2 Definition of Fifth Normal Form Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Part 4 Methodology Chapter 16 Methodology–Conceptual Database Design 16.1 Introduction to the Database Design Methodology 16.1.1 What Is a Design Methodology? 16.1.2 Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Database Design 16.1.3 Critical Success Factors in Database Design 16.2 Overview of the Database Design Methodology 16.3 Conceptual Database Design Methodology Step 1: Build Conceptual Data Model Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 17 Methodology–Logical Database Design for the Relational Model 17.1 Logical Database Design Methodology for the Relational Model Step 2: Build Logical Data Model Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 18 Methodology–Physical Database Design for Relational Databases 18.1 Comparison of Logical and Physical Database Design 18.2 Overview of the Physical Database Design Methodology 18.3 The Physical Database Design Methodology for Relational Databases Step 3: Translate Logical Data Model for Target DBMS Step 4: Design File Organizations and Indexes Step 5: Design User Views Step 6: Design Security Mechanisms Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 19 Methodology–Monitoring and Tuning the Operational System 19.1 Denormalizing and Introducing Controlled Redundancy Step 7: Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy 19.2 Monitoring the System to Improve Performance Step 8: Monitor and Tune the Operational System Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Part 5 Selected Database Issues Chapter 20 Security and Administration 20.1 Database Security 20.1.1 Threats 20.2 Countermeasures–Computer-Based Controls 20.2.1 Authorization 20.2.2 Access Controls 20.2.3 Views 20.2.4 Backup and Recovery 20.2.5 Integrity 20.2.6 Encryption 20.2.7 RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) 20.3 Security in Microsoft Office Access DBMS 20.4 Security in Oracle DBMS 20.5 DBMSs and Web Security 20.5.1 Proxy Servers 20.5.2 Firewalls 20.5.3 Message Digest Algorithms and Digital Signatures 20.5.4 Digital Certificates 20.5.5 Kerberos 20.5.6 Secure Sockets Layer and Secure HTTP 20.5.7 Secure Electronic Transactions and Secure Transaction Technology 20.5.8 Java Security 20.5.9 ActiveX Security 20.6 Data Administration and Database Administration 20.6.1 Data Administration 20.6.2 Database Administration 20.6.3 Comparison of Data and Database Administration Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 21 Professional, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Data Management 21.1 Defining Legal and Ethical Issues in IT 21.1.1 Defining Ethics in the Context of IT 21.1.2 The Difference Between Ethical and Legal Behavior 21.1.3 Ethical Behavior in IT 21.2 Legislation and Its Impact on the IT Function 21.2.1 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation National Market System (NMS) 21.2.2 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, COBIT, and COSO 21.2.3 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 21.2.4 The European Union (EU) Directive on Data Protection of 1995 21.2.5 The United Kingdom’s Data Protection Act of 1998 21.2.6 Access to Information Laws 21.2.7 International Banking–Basel II Accords 21.3 Establishing a Culture of Legal and Ethical Data Stewardship 21.3.1 Developing an Organization-Wide Policy for Legal and Ethical Behavior 21.3.2 Professional Organizations and Codes of Ethics 21.3.3 Developing an Organization-Wide Policy for Legal and Ethical Behavior for DreamHome 21.4 Intellectual Property 21.4.1 Patent 21.4.2 Copyright 21.4.3 Trademark 21.4.4 Intellectual Property Rights Issues for Software 21.4.5 Intellectual Property Rights Issues for Data Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 22 Transaction Management 22.1 Transaction Support 22.1.1 Properties of Transactions 22.1.2 Database Architecture 22.2 Concurrency Control 22.2.1 The Need for Concurrency Control 22.2.2 Serializability and Recoverability 22.2.3 Locking Methods 22.2.4 Deadlock 22.2.5 Timestamping Methods 22.2.6 Multiversion Timestamp Ordering 22.2.7 Optimistic Techniques 22.2.8 Granularity of Data Items 22.3 Database Recovery 22.3.1 The Need for Recovery 22.3.2 Transactions and Recovery 22.3.3 Recovery Facilities 22.3.4 Recovery Techniques 22.3.5 Recovery in a Distributed DBMS 22.4 Advanced Transaction Models 22.4.1 Nested Transaction Model 22.4.2 Sagas 22.4.3 Multilevel Transaction Model 22.4.4 Dynamic Restructuring 22.4.5 Workflow Models 22.5 Concurrency Control and Recovery in Oracle 22.5.1 Oracle’s Isolation Levels 22.5.2 Multiversion Read Consistency 22.5.3 Deadlock Detection 22.5.4 Backup and Recovery Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Chapter 23 Query Processing 23.1 Overview of Query Processing 23.2 Query Decomposition 23.3 Heuristical Approach to Query Optimization 23.3.1 Transformation Rules for the Relational Algebra Operations 23.3.2 Heuristical Processing Strategies 23.4 Cost Estimation for the Relational Algebra Operations 23.4.1 Database Statistics 23.4.2 Selection Operation (S = sp(R)) 23.4.3 Join Operation (T = (R 1F S)) 23.4.4 Projection Operation (S = pA1, A2, . . . , A m(R)) 23.4.5 The Relational Algebra Set Operations (T = R ¿ S, T = R > S, T = R — S) 23.5 Enumeration of Alternative Execution Strategies 23.5.1 Pipelining 23.5.2 Linear Trees 23.5.3 Physical Operators and Execution Strategies 23.5.4 Reducing the Search Space 23.5.5 Enumerating Left-Deep Trees 23.5.6 Semantic Query Optimization 23.5.7 Alternative Approaches to Query Optimization 23.5.8 Distributed Query Optimization 23.6 Query Processing and Optimization 23.6.1 New Index Types 23.7 Query Optimization in Oracle 23.7.1 Rule-Based and Cost-Based Optimization 23.7.2 Histograms 23.7.3 Viewing the Execution Plan Chapter Summary Review Questions Exercises Part 6 Distributed DBMSs and Replication Chapter 24 Distributed DBMSs–Concepts and Design 24.1 Introduction 24.1.1 Concepts 24.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of DDBMSs 24.1.3 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous DDBMSs 24.2 Overview of Networking 24.3 Functions and Architectures of a DDBMS 24.3.1 Functions of a DDBMS 24.3.2 Reference Architecture for a DDBMS 24.3.3 Reference Architecture for a Federated MDBS 24.3.4 Component Architecture for a DDBMS 24.4 Distributed Relational Database Design 24.4.1 Data Allocation 24.4.2 Fragmentation