The development of micro- and nano-mechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) foreshadows momentous changes not only in the technological world, but in virtually every aspect of human life. The future of the field is bright with opportunities, but also riddled with challenges, ranging from further theoretical development through advances in fabrication technologies, to developing high-performance nano- and microscale systems, devices, and structures, including transducers, switches, logic gates, actuators and sensors.MEMS and NEMS: Systems, Devices, and Structures is designed to help you meet those challenges and solve fundamental, experimental, and applied problems. Written from a multi-disciplinary perspective, this book forms the basis for the synthesis, modeling, analysis, simulation, control, prototyping, and fabrication of MEMS and NEMS. The author brings together the various paradigms, methods, and technologies associated with MEMS and NEMS to show how to synthesize, analyze, design, and fabricate them. Focusing on the basics, he illustrates the development of NEMS and MEMS architectures, physical representations, structural synthesis, and optimization.The applications of MEMS and NEMS in areas such as biotechnology, medicine, avionics, transportation, and defense are virtually limitless. This book helps prepare you to take advantage of their inherent opportunities and effectively solve problems related to their configurations, systems integration, and control.

Table of Contents:
INTRODUCTION Background Coordinates and Datums TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS Introduction Spherical Coordinates Spheroidal Coordinates Cartesian Coordinates HEIGHT AND THE GEOID The Geoid Reference Surfaces for Height GLOBAL, REGIONAL, AND LOCAL DATUMS Global Datums Local and Regional Datums THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM Introduction System Overview Positioning with Codes Differential GPS Using Codes GPS Phase Meaurements ASPECTS OF DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS Introduction Knowledge of Separation, N Knowledge of Height, H Knowledge of Datum Transformation Parameters Datum Transformations for Precise Applications FUNDAMENTALS OF MAP PROJECTIONS Introduction Spheres and Spheroids Grids and Graticules Scale Factor Developable Surfaces Preserved Features Computational Aspects Designing a Projection CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS Cylindrical Equidistant Projection Cylindrical Equal Area Projection Mercator Projection Transverse Mercator Projection Oblique Mercator Projection AZIMUTHAL PROJECTIONS General Azimuthal Projection Azimuthal Equidistant Projection Azimuthal Equal Area Projection Azimuthal Stereographic (Conformal) Projection Gnomonic Projection CONIC PROJECTIONS General Conic Projection Conic Equidistant Projection Albers (Conic) Equal Area Projection Lambert Conformal Conic Projection SUMMARY OF INFORMATION REQUIRED Formulae Parameters DIRECT TRANSFORMATIONS Compatibility of Coordinate Systems Ground Control Plane Transformations Unknown Projections: Measuring from Maps CASE STUDIES Transformation of GPS Data into a Local Datum A Projection for Australia Establishment of Maritime Boundaries on a Projection Two-Dimensional Transformation of Satellite Imagery Two-Dimensional Transformation GPS Data Determining the Parameters of an Unknown Projection APPENDICES Spherical Coordinates Basic Geometry of the Ellipsoid Determination of Transformation Parameters by Least Squares REFERENCES INDEX