This dissertation, "De Facto Local Integration: a Case Study of Vietnamese Refugees in Hong Kong" by Ravi C, Lulla, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis entitled DE FACTO LOCAL INTEGRATION: A CASE STUDY OF VIETNAMESE REFUGEES IN HONG KONG submitted by Ravi C. Lulla for the degree of Master of Philosophy at the University of Hong Kong August 2007 This study provides an account of different factors by which the Vietnamese refugee population in Hong Kong were left out from resettlement and became 'de facto locally integrated'. These factors may be said to have been driven by changes of various groups created as a result of different migration control policies and gaps in available durable solutions and problems affecting refugees living in Pillar Point Refugee Camp (Pillar Point). The change in migration control polices in Hong Kong created three groups of Vietnamese refugees. They are the Open camp group, Closed camp group and Family Reunion group. Two gaps in durable solutions for refugees living in Pillar Point are identified from analysing available durable solutions. These are considered as the sieve effect of non available durable solutions and de facto local integrations for these refugees until they were finally granted local integration after the closure of Pillar Point in 2000. Resettlement problems are analysed in relation to the sieve effect of non available durable solutions which are indicative of a concentrated population of refugees with criminal records and heroin addiction problems. Criminal records from different refugees groups created as a result of migration control polices are analysed based on Bourhis dominant host majority framework. Analysing the arrest records of different acculturated groups from 1979 to 1994 reveals that refugees who are filtered out due to criminal records from the Open camp group have a steady pattern of offending similar to a criminalised subgroup (Toohey 1985). Male refugees segregated from the host population are more vulnerable to becoming addicted to heroin as compared to those who have received an integration strategy. Female refugees who are excluded from the host population due to higher acculturative pressure and the effects of being excluded are more likely to be arrested, when these refugees are allowed to integrate with the host population as compared to those who have received an integration or segregation orientation. Adopting an integration orientation towards refugees from the outset has the least acculturative stress as compared to integrating refugees who have received different acculturative orientations. By comparison crimes committed during different acculturative periods indicate that the Open camp period has the lowest rate of crimes as compared to the Pillar Point period, when refugees created by different migration control policies are housed together. Lastly factors which prevented early identification and documentation of various agencies are pieced together to portray de facto local integration of refugees at Pillar Point from 1995 until May 2000, when the Hong Kong Government finally decided to offer local integration to this population at the time. This thesis illustrates that in the process of acculturating with the host population a residual population of refugees, in this case refugees with criminal records and history of drug abuse, will be filtered from other refugees in a protracted refugee situation. The only option for these refugees is local integration. Hence this study offers a 20-year analysis of refugee acculturation in Hong Kong