Detect accounting fraud before it’s too late Accounting fraud is the deliberate manipulation of accounting records in order to make a company's financial performance seem better or worse than it actually is. Accounting scandals often have catastrophic consequences for shareholders and employees. Thus, analysts and auditors must be equipped to detect accounting fraud. This book is a comprehensive guide to detecting accounting fraud for auditors investigating accounting fraud and analysts/managers seeking to prevent it. A wide variety of warning signs are described, as are several techniques for detecting and addressing fraud. Understand the motivations and warning signs behind accounting fraud Get to know how accounting fraud is done and how to detect it Avoid the losses that often come from accounting fraud Benefit from case studies throughout to that help illustrate the author's points It’s unfortunate that managers, auditors, and analysts must be wary of accounting fraud—but this book equips you with the know-how to detect it before it’s too late.

Table of Contents:
Prologue xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Fraud and Accounting Manipulations 1 1.1 Fraud and Its Effects 1 1.2 Modifying Companies’ Financial Information 2 1.3 Calling Things by Their Name: From Creative Accounting to Big Baths 4 Chapter 2 Accounting Fraud: An Ancient Practice 9 2.1 The First Accounting Frauds 9 2.2 Accounting Frauds Continue with the Double Entry 10 2.3 The Crash of 1929 and the Obligation to Audit Accounts 12 2.4 Reinforcement of the Commercial Law and Auditing After the String of Scandals of 2000 13 2.5 With the Crisis of 2008, History Repeats Itself 15 Chapter 3 Problems with Legislation and Those Involved in the Financial Information 19 3.1 How Financial Information Is Generated 19 3.2 Auditing of Accounts: Essential, but Not Infallible 20 3.3 Analysts and Rating Agencies 23 3.4 Regulators and the Limitations of Accounting Regulations 26 3.5 Role of the Media 29 Chapter 4 Why Are Accounts Manipulated? 31 4.1 Motivation, Opportunity, and Rationalization 31 4.2 The Door to Fraud 34 Chapter 5 Legal Accounting Manipulations 47 5.1 Alternatives, Estimations, and Legal Gaps 47 5.2 Main Legal Manipulations 52 5.3 Impact of Legal Manipulations in the Accounts 58 Chapter 6 Illegal Accounting Manipulations 61 6.1 Accounting Crime 61 6.2 How Illegal Manipulations Are Done 63 6.3 Operations Through Tax Havens 65 6.4 Main Illegal Manipulations 68 6.5 Main Items Affected by Accounting Frauds 70 Chapter 7 Ethical Considerations and Economic Consequences of Manipulations 75 7.1 The Ethical Dimensions of Accounting Fraud 75 7.2 Economic Consequences of Accounting Fraud 77 7.3 Consequences to Managers and Companies that Manipulate Accounts 77 7.4 What to Do When a Company Deteriorates 79 Chapter 8 Personal Warning Signs 85 8.1 Moments the Warning Signs Occur 85 8.2 Warning Signs Before Fraud Occurs 87 8.3 Warning Signs After the Fraud Occurs 89 8.4 Language of Fraudsters 91 8.5 Successful Businessmen Who End Up in Jail 93 Chapter 9 Organizational Warning Signs and Nonfinancial Indicators 99 9.1 Warning Signs Before a Fraud Occurs 99 9.2 Warning Signs After a Fraud Occurs 106 9.3 Warning Signs Based on Nonfinancial Indicators 107 Chapter 10 Warning Signs in the Accounts 111 10.1 Auditing of Accounts 111 10.2 Balance Sheet 112 10.3 Income Statement 113 10.4 Cash Flow Statement 115 10.5 Statement of Changes in Equity 119 10.6 Notes 120 10.7 Ratios That Anticipate Frauds 121 10.8 Variations in Accounts that Warn of Frauds Already Produced 123 10.9 Ratios That Warn of Frauds Already Produced 124 10.10 Synthetic Index to Detect Manipulating Companies 133 Chapter 11 Some Suggestions to Improve the Current Situation 141 11.1 Reinforce Values and Institute Ethical Codes 141 11.2 Improve Control Systems in Organizations 143 11.3 Improve Regulation 147 11.4 Reinforce Supervision 148 11.5 Reinforce the Sanctioning Regime 149 11.6 The Challenge of Providing Relevant Information for Decision-Making 150 Epilogue 155 Appendix 1 Criminal Responsibility of Legal Entities and Regulatory Compliance 157 Appendix 2 Audit Program for the Identification of Fraud Risks 161 List of Companies Mentioned in the Book and Section in which They Appear 179 Index 183