Industrial cyber-physical systems operate simultaneously in the physical and digital worlds of business and are now a cornerstone of the fourth industrial revolution. Increasingly, these systems are becoming the way forward for academics and industrialists alike. The very essence of these systems, however, is often misunderstood or misinterpreted. This book thus sheds light on the problem areas surrounding cyber-physical systems and provides the reader with the key principles for understanding and illustrating them. Presented using a pedagogical approach, with numerous examples of applications, this book is the culmination of more than ten years of study by the Intelligent Manufacturing and Services Systems (IMS2) French research group, part of the MACS (Modeling, Analysis and Control of Dynamic Systems) research group at the CNRS. It is intended both for engineers who are interested in emerging industrial developments and for master’s level students wishing to learn about the industrial systems of the future.

Table of Contents:
Foreword xiii André THOMAS Introduction xvii Olivier CARDIN, William DERIGENT and Damien TRENTESAUX Part 1 Conceptualizing Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 1 Chapter 1 General Concepts 3 Olivier CARDIN and Damien TRENTESAUX 1.1 Industry at the heart of society 3 1.2 Industrial world in search of a new model 4 1.3 Cyber-physical systems 6 1.4 From cyber-physical systems to industrial cyber-physical systems 8 1.5 Perspectives on the study of industrial cyber-physical systems 11 1.6 References 15 Chapter 2 Moving Towards a Sustainable Model: Societal, Economic and Environmental 17 Patrick MARTIN, Maroua NOUIRI and Ali SIADAT 2.1 Industry of the future and sustainable development 17 2.2 Contribution of ICPS to the social dimension 18 2.2.1 Background 18 2.2.2 Cognitive aspects 21 2.2.3 Health and safety aspects at work 22 2.3 Contribution of ICPS to the environmental dimension 28 2.3.1 Objectives and expectations 28 2.3.2 Example of application 29 2.4 Contribution of ICPS to the economic dimension 30 2.5 Conclusion 32 2.6 References 32 Part 2 Sensing and Distributing Information Within Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 37 Chapter 3 Information Flow in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 39 Thierry BERGER and Yves SALLEZ 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Information and decision loops when using an ICPS 39 3.3 Decision-making processes within the loops of an ICPS 41 3.3.1 Nature of decision-making processes 41 3.3.2 Nature of information 42 3.3.3 Approach to studying the informational loops of the cyber part of an ICPS 43 3.4 Elements for the implementation of loops 45 3.4.1 Generic architecture 45 3.4.2 Link to decision-making processes and the nature of the information 48 3.5 Illustrative examples 48 3.5.1 Example from rail transport 49 3.5.2 Example from the manufacturing sector 50 3.6 Conclusion 52 3.7 References 52 Chapter 4 The Intelligent Product Concept 55 William DERIGENT 4.1 The intelligent product, a leading-edge concept in industrial cyber-physical systems 55 4.2 Definitions of the intelligent product concept 56 4.3 Developments in the concept of intelligent products 59 4.3.1 Group 1: product-driven systems (PDS) 61 4.3.2 Group 2: product lifecycle information management (PLIM) 63 4.4 Conclusions and perspectives on the intelligent product 66 4.5 References 67 Part 3 Digitalizing at the Service of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 71 Chapter 5 Virtualizing Resources, Products and the Information System 73 Theodor BORANGIU, Silviu RĂILEANU and Octavian MORARIU 5.1 Virtualization – the technology for industrial cyber-physical systems 73 5.2 Virtualization in the industrial environment 74 5.3 Shop floor virtualization of resource and product workloads 78 5.3.1 Resource and product virtualization through shop floor profiles 78 5.3.2 Virtualization of collaborative product and resource workloads 83 5.4 MES virtualization in the cloud (vMES) 89 5.5 Perspectives offered by virtualization to industry of the future 94 5.6 References 95 Chapter 6 Cybersecurity of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 97 Antoine GALLAIS and Youcef IMINE 6.1 What are the risks involved? 98 6.1.1 Unavailability of systems 98 6.1.2 Loss of confidentiality or integrity 101 6.1.3 Bypassing access and authentication controls 104 6.2 What means of protection? 105 6.2.1 Ensuring availability 105 6.2.2 Ensuring confidentiality 107 6.2.3 Implementing authentication mechanisms 108 6.2.4 Controlling access, permissions and logging 109 6.3 Conclusion 112 6.4 References 114 Part 4 Controlling Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 117 Chapter 7 Industrial Agents: From the Holonic Paradigm to Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 119 Paulo LEITÃO, Stamatis KARNOUSKOS and Armando Walter COLOMBO 7.1 Overview of multi-agent systems and holonics 120 7.1.1 Multi-agent systems 120 7.1.2 Holonic paradigm 122 7.2 Industrial agents 124 7.2.1 Definition and characteristics 124 7.2.2 Interfacing with physical assets 126 7.3 Industrial agents for realizing industrial cyber-physical systems 127 7.3.1 Supporting the development of intelligent products, machines and systems within cyber-physical systems 127 7.3.2 Implementing an industrial multi-agent system as ICPS 129 7.4 Discussion and future directions 130 7.5 References 131 Chapter 8 Holonic Control Architectures 135 Olivier CARDIN, William DERIGENT and Damien TRENTESAUX 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 HCA fundamentals 136 8.3 HCAs in the physical part of ICPS 137 8.4 Dynamic architectures, towards a reconfiguration of the physical part from the cyber part of ICPS 140 8.5 HCAs and Big Data 143 8.6 HCAs and digital twin: towards the digitization of architectures 144 8.7 References 145 Part 5 Learning and Interacting with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 149 Chapter 9 Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 151 Yasamin ESLAMI, Mario LEZOCHE and Philippe THOMAS 9.1 Introduction 151 9.2 Data massification in industrial cyber-physical systems 153 9.3 Big Data and multi-relational data mining (MRDM) 154 9.3.1 Formal concept analysis (FCA) 154 9.3.2 Relational concept analysis (RCA) 157 9.4 Machine learning 160 9.4.1 Basics of machine learning 160 9.4.2 Multilayer perceptron (MLP) 160 9.5 Illustrative example 165 9.6 Conclusion 167 9.7 References 167 Chapter 10 Human–Industrial Cyber-Physical System Integration: Design and Evaluation Methods 171 Marie-Pierre PACAUX-LEMOINE and Frank FLEMISCH 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Design methods 175 10.3 Method of integrating HICPS 176 10.3.1 Descending phase 177 10.3.2 Ascending phase 180 10.4 Summary and conclusion 185 10.5 References 186 Part 6 Transforming Industries with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 189 Chapter 11 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems 191 Catherine DA CUNHA and Nathalie KLEMENT 11.1 Context 191 11.1.1 Developments 192 11.1.2 Issues 193 11.1.3 Resources 193 11.2 Reconfiguration 194 11.2.1 Implementation and decision levels 194 11.2.2 Information systems 195 11.2.3 Adaptation in the context of CPPS/RMS 196 11.2.4 Where and when to reconfigure? 197 11.3 Modeling 197 11.3.1 Data collection 198 11.3.2 Simulation platforms 199 11.4 Ergonomics/cognitive aspects 200 11.5 Operation of the information system 201 11.5.1 Operational level: procurement 201 11.5.2 Responding to disruptions 202 11.5.3 Decision support 203 11.6 Illustrative example 203 11.7 References 205 Chapter 12 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Global and Interconnected Logistics 207 Shenle PAN, Mariam LAFKIHI and Eric BALLOT 12.1 Logistics and its challenges 207 12.2 Contemporary logistics systems and organizations 208 12.2.1 Intra-site logistics 209 12.2.2 Intra-urban logistics 210 12.2.3 Inter-site inter-city logistics 211 12.3 The Physical Internet as a modern and promising logistics organization 212 12.3.1 Concept and definition 212 12.3.2 Topologies of networks of networks 213 12.4 Perspectives of ICPS applications in interconnected logistics: the example of the Physical Internet 215 12.4.1 Modeling the Physical Internet by ICPS: the example of routing 216 12.4.2 Exploiting ICPS: the data-driven approach and the digital twin-driven approach 219 12.5 Conclusion 221 12.6 References 222 Chapter 13 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Transportation 225 John MBULI and Damien TRENTESAUX 13.1 Introduction 225 13.1.1 Pull forces 226 13.1.2 Complexity factors of the transportation sector 227 13.1.3 Push forces 228 13.2 The impact of ICPS on transportation 229 13.3 Rail transportation service: an illustrative example 231 13.3.1 The physical space of SUPERFLO 233 13.3.2 The human fleet supervisor 235 13.3.3 The cyber space of SUPERFLO 236 13.3.4 Evaluation of the proposed model and industrial expectations 236 13.4 Concluding remarks 238 13.5 Acknowledgments 239 13.6 References 239 Chapter 14 Impacts of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Building Trades 243 William DERIGENT and Laurent JOBLOT 14.1 General introduction 243 14.2 The place of BIM in Construction 4.0 245 14.3 Examples of transformations in the construction sector 247 14.3.1 Control: real-time site management 248 14.3.2 Learning and interacting: virtual reality and machine learning 249 14.3.3 Capturing and distributing: use of wireless technologies (RFID and WSN) 251 14.3.4 Digitalizing: digitalizing technologies for BIM 252 14.4 Example of ICPS in construction 254 14.5 Achieving the digital transformation of businesses 255 14.6 References 257 Chapter 15 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Health System 261 Franck FONTANILI and Maria DI MASCOLO 15.1 Introduction 261 15.1.1 The health system and its specificities 261 15.1.2 The digital evolution of healthcare production and health 263 15.2 HCPS in the literature 263 15.2.1 HCPS for medical monitoring 266 15.2.2 HCPS for well-being and prevention 266 15.2.3 HCPS for organizational monitoring of patient pathways 267 15.2.4 Sensors for monitoring patients and resources 268 15.3 The contribution of a digital twin in an HCPS 270 15.3.1 General principle of digital twins in health 270 15.3.2 A proposal for an HCPS based on a digital twin of patient pathways in the hospital 271 15.4 Conclusion 274 15.5 References 275 Part 7 Envisioning the Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems of the Future 279 Chapter 16 Ethics and Responsibility of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 281 Sylvie JONAS and Françoise LAMNABHI-LAGARRIGUE 16.1 Introduction 281 16.2 Ethics and ICPS 283 16.2.1 Data management and protection 284 16.2.2 Control in the design of algorithms 285 16.3 Liability and ICPS 288 16.3.1 Existing liability regimes applied to ICPS 289 16.3.2 Proposals for changes in liability regimes 291 16.4 References 294 Chapter 17 Teaching and Learning ICPS: Lessons Learned and Best Practices 297 Bilal AHMAD, Freeha AZMAT, Armando Walter COLOMBO and Gerrit JAN VELTINK 17.1 Introduction 297 17.2 University of Warwick – Bachelor-level curriculum 299 17.2.1 ICPS education: Fusion of computer science and engineering 300 17.2.2 Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 301 17.2.3 Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 301 17.3 University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer – master’s-level curriculum 302 17.3.1 ICPS education: fusion of computer science, electrical and mechatronics engineering 303 17.3.2 Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 305 17.3.3 Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 307 17.4 Conclusion 308 17.5 References 309 Conclusion 313 William DERIGENT, Olivier CARDIN and Damien TRENTESAUX List of Authors 317 Index 321