Drink- and Drug- Drive Case Notes comprises summaries of the many cases on the drink- and drug- driving offences which have come before the higher courts. Over 600 judgments are summarised. Each note is presented as a headnote summarising the ratio of the case, a short statement of the facts, the issue(s) in the appeal and an extract from the judgment. The notes are intended to provide a broad outline of the trends in the case law and as starting points for readers seeking guidance on particular points.    The work is divided into chapters which follow, broadly, the stages in an investigation: the requirement to provide specimens of breath, blood or urine; the offence of failing without reasonable excuse to cooperate or to provide specimens; challenges to the breath testing and breath analysis devices; the “statutory assumption” that the proportion of alcohol or a drug at the time of the offence was not less than in the specimen; evidence, including issues such as the admissibility of the printout from the breath analysis device and of the contemporaneous records of the procedure completed by the investigating officer; the discretion under PACE to admit or exclude evidence; definitions, notably of “public place”; defences, including no likelihood of driving while over the limit; special reasons for not disqualifying; and a host of procedural issues, featuring the courts’ insistence on compliance with the Criminal Procedure Rules. This fourth edition includes notes of over fifty cases decided since the third edition was published. Themes running through the new cases include the availability of judicial review as a means of challenge, case management, the appropriateness of adjournments and preparedness for trial. Longer-standing issues have also been re-visited: the disclosure of records, consulting the forms completed during the investigation 

Table of Contents:
Preface Table of Cases Table of Legislation 1 THE REQUIREMENT TO PROVIDE SPECIMENS 1. The Arrest R v Fox, Fox v Chief Constable of Gwent; Gull v Scarborough; Hartland v Alden; DPP v Kay (John); DPP v Porter (Paul Nicholas); DPP v Robertson (Steven Gary); DPP v Wilson; R (CPS) v Wolverhampton Magistrates’ Court; Kohler v DPP 2. Random Stopping of Vehicles Chief Constable of Gwent v Dash; DPP v Minton 3. Reasonable Suspicion and Reasonable Belief Johnson v Whitehouse; Blake v Pope; DPP v Redling; DPP v McGladrigan; Whelehan v DPP; Grant v DPP 4. Trespass Morris v Beardmore; Clarke v DPP 5. In the Course of an Investigation Graham v Albert; Pearson v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis; Hawes v DPP; R v South Norfolk JJ ex p Keymer; DPP v Earnshaw (Neil Graham) 6. Medical Reasons why Breath Specimens cannot be Provided or should not be Required Horrocks v Binns; White & Gaskell v Proudlock; Dempsey v Catton; Davis (Paul) v DPP; Davies (Gordon Edward) v DPP; Webb v DPP; Young (Paula) v DPP; Francis v DPP; Steadman v DPP; Bodhaniya v CPS 7. Breath Analysis Device Unreliable, Unavailable, or not Practicable to Use Cotter v Kamil; Slender v Boothby; Morgan v Lee; Waite v Smith; Dye v Manns; Thompson v Thynne; Oxford v Baxendale; Chief Constable of Avon & Somerset v Kelliher; Chief Constable of Kent v Berry; Haghigat-Khou v Chambers; Stokes v Sayers; Tobi v Nicholas; Badkin v DPP; Denny v DPP; Dixon v Yardley; Wootton v DPP; Rathbone v DPP; Jarvis v DPP; Hague v DPP; Evans (Cyril) v DPP; Slasor v DPP; Bobin v DPP; Kneale v DPP; Kelsey v DPP 8. Device Having Produced Unreliable Indication DPP v Smith (Robert James); Hussain v DPP; McNeil v DPP; Taylor v DPP; DPP v Vince; Kang v DPP 9. Driver’s Condition Due to Some Drug Cole v DPP; Bell v DPP; Angel v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire; Watling v Chief Constable of Suffolk Constabulary and G4S Health Service (UK) Ltd; Twigg v R 10. The Procedure DPP v Carey; Chief Constable of Avon & Somerset v Singh; Murray v DPP; DPP v Warren; DPP v Garrett; DPP v Palmer (Carlton Lloyd); DPP v Ward (Andrew Stuart); DPP v Jackson; Stanley v DPP; Maudling v DPP; Clayton v DPP; Burke v DPP; Cawley (Stephen) v DPP; Beatrice v DPP; DPP v Coulter; R v Bryan; R (Cox) v DPP; Bielecki v DPP 11. Medical Reasons why a Blood Specimen cannot or should not be Taken Grix v Chief Constable of Kent; Wade v DPP; DPP v Wythe; DPP v Gibbons (Stuart Michael); Kinsella v DPP; Joseph v DPP 12. Hospital Patients Askew v DPP; Whelan v DPP; R v Burton upon Trent JJ ex p Woolley; Webber v DPP; Butler (Michael Joseph) v DPP; Whitfield v DPP; Townson v DPP; DPP v Tandey 13. Repeat Requirements and Multiple Specimens Blake v Bickmore; Sparrow v Bradley; Howard v Hallett; Owen v Morgan; Chief Constable of Avon & Somerset v Creech; Nugent v Ridley; Durdan v Chief Officer, Metropolitan Police; Morrison (Trevor) v DPP; Stewart (John Kimball) v DPP; Edmond v DPP 14. Urine Specimens Wyllie v CPS; Barnes v Chief Constable of Durham; DPP v Taylor (Graham) 2 SPECIMENS FOR LABORATORY TESTING 1. Taking Specimens: Blood Russell v Devine; Afolayan v CPS 2. Taking Specimens: Urine Ross v Hodges; R v Coward; Prosser v Dickeson; Over v Musker; DPP v Baldwin (Alistair); Ryder v CPS 3. Dividing the Specimen and Supplying Part Perry v McGovern; Dear v DPP; Butler v DPP; DPP v Elstob; DPP v Snook; Johnson (Antony Harold) v DPP; Mokhra v DPP; DPP v Higgins (Adam Scott); Campbell v DPP; Jones (Elaine) v CPS; O’Connell v DPP; Lidington v DPP; Blyth v CPS (Essex) 4. Analysis Techniques and Procedures R v Coomaraswamy; Lomas v Bowler; Sophocleous v Ringer; Stephenson v Clift; Yhnell v DPP; R v Bolton Magistrates’ Court ex p Scally and Other Cases; Gregory v DPP; Byrne (Simon David) v DPP; Dhaliwal v DPP; Carter v DPP; R v Bravender; R v Ward (Anderson Charles); R v Senior 5. The Analyst Stevens v DPP; CPS v Sedgemoor Justices 6. The 6 mg Allowance Walker v Hodgins; Oswald v DPP; DPP v Perkins; DPP v Welsh (Eric Thomas) 7. Back-Calculations Gumbley v Cunningham; Benham v DPP; R v Hodnitt 8. Certificates Anderton v Kinnard; Penman v Parker; Hawkins v DPP; Ramsey (Jennifer) v DPP; Louis v DPP; Whyte v DPP; Wooldridge v DPP; Jeffreys v Director of Public Prosecutions; DPP v Stephens; Brett v DPP; Clarke v CPS 9. The Provenance of the Specimen Tremlett v Fawcett; Gregson v DPP; McGinty v DPP; Rawal (Sushil) v DPP; Mills v DPP 3 FAILING WITHOUT REASONABLE EXCUSE TO COOPERATE OR TO PROVIDE SPECIMENS 1. The Meaning of “Failing” Smith v Hand; Campbell v DPP; DPP v Shuker; Smyth v DPP; Hingley-Smith v DPP; DPP v Lawrence (Scott James); May v DPP; DPP v Swan; Plackett v DPP 2. The Sufficiency of the Specimen Teape v Godfrey; Anderton v Waring; DPP v Heywood; Chand v DPP; DPP v Chand; DPP v Darwen; Rweikiza v DPP 3. Single Specimen Provided Stepniewski v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis; Oldfield v Anderton; Sykes v DPP; DPP v Byrne (David Stephen); DPP v Thomas (Elwyn Kenneth); DPP v Radford 4. Time for Providing Specimen Cosgrove v DPP; Walters (Julian) v DPP; Oberoi (Yash) v DPP; Robertson (Eric) v DPP 5. Whether Requirement Made under Section 6 or Section 7 DPP v Karamouzis 6. Causing Death by Careless Driving Having Failed to Provide R v Coe (Christopher Steven) 4 REASONABLE EXCUSE 1. The Burden of Proof Neale v DPP; DPP v Crofton; McKeon v DPP; Piggott v DPP; R (Cuns) v Hammersmith Magistrates’ Court 2. Conditional Agreement DPP v Billington; Chappell v DPP; DPP v Rumble; Corywright v East; DPP v Whalley; DPP v Kirk; DPP v Smith (Alan Robert) 3. Medical Reasons R v Lennard; R v Harding; Woolman v Lenton; DPP v Boden; DPP v Judge; DPP v Daley; DPP v Curtis; DPP v Szarzynski; DPP v Hammond; DPP v Furby; Falzarano v DPP; DPP v Lonsdale; McMahon v CPS; Martiner v DPP; DPP v Mukandiwa; Pattison v DPP; Oladimeji v DPP; Longstaff v DPP; Atkinson v DPP 4. “Trying Hard” Grady v Pollard; DPP v Eddowes; DPP v Ambrose 5. Other Reasonable Excuse Arguments R v John; Beck v Sager; McGrath v Vipas; Dawes v Taylor; Spalding v Paine; Foster v Bentley; Kemp v Chief Constable of Kent; DPP v Fountain; Smith (Nicholas Paul) v DPP; Dickinson v DPP; DPP v Beech; DPP v Pearman; De Freitas v DPP; DPP v Brodzky; DPP v Coyle; DPP v Meller; DPP v Grundy; DPP v Camp 5 CHALLENGING THE BREATH TESTING AND BREATH ANALYSIS DEVICES 1. Type Approval Bentley v Northumbria Police; Hayward v Eames; Kirkpatrick v Harrigan; Chief Constable of Northumbria v Browne; Young v Flint; Richardson v DPP; Kemsley v DPP; Skinner v DPP; Breckon v DPP; Rose v DPP; Coxon v Manchester City Magistrates’ Court 2. The Amount Said to Have Been Consumed Cracknell v Willis; DPP v Hill; Lafferty v DPP; DPP v Spurrier; Williams (John Robert) v DPP; Santos v Stratford Magistrates Court; CPS v Cipriani; R (Hassani) v West London Magistrates’ Court 3. Calibration R v Kingston upon Thames JJ ex p Khanna; R v Ealing JJ ex p Wheeler; Mayon v DPP; DPP v Parkin; DPP v Deveney; Prince v CPS; DPP v Schon; Dunwoodie v DPP; Derham v DPP; Melia v DPP; Gibson v DPP; Mercer v DPP; Haggis v DPP 4. The Date and Time Fawcett v Gasparics; Parker v DPP; DPP v McKeown, DPP v Jones (Christopher); DPP v Bateson 5. Mobile Telephones and Radios Scheiner v DPP 6. Mouth Alcohol DPP v Browne; DPP v Teixeira; O’Sullivan v DPP 7. Positive Breath Analysis followed by Negative Screening Test Snelson v Thompson; Parish v CPS 8. The Printout Burditt v Roberts; Reid (Sheena) v DPP; DPP v Barber (David Anthony) 9. The Burden of Proof O’Sullivan (Sarah) v DPP; Ali v DPP 6 THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE PROPORTION OF ALCOHOLOR A DRUG AT THE TIME OF THE OFFENCE WAS NOT LESS THAN IN THE SPECIMEN 1. The Statutory Assumption Beauchamp-Thompson v DPP; DPP v Williams; Millard v DPP; Parker (Lee Christopher) v DPP; Griffiths (Richard Stephen) v DPP 2. Consuming Alcohol after Ceasing to Drive Thynne v Hindle; R v Newcastle upon Tyne JJ ex p Hindle; Dawson v Lunn; Lloyd v Knight; Rynsard v Spalding; Oxford v Fairhurst; DPP v Singh; DPP v Lowden; R v Wells Street JJ ex p Hobbs; DPP v Sangha; DPP v Ward (Kevin William); R v Drummond; Lonergan v DPP; DPP v Chambers; DPP v Ellery; DPP v Tooze; DPP v Bolton; DPP v Dukolli; Goldsmith v DPP; DPP v Ridings 7 EVIDENCE 1. The Printout Gaimster v Marlow; Chief Constable of Surrey v Wickens; Walton v Rimmer; R v Tower Bridge Magistrates’ Court ex p DPP; Hasler v DPP; Leeson v Haringey JJ and DPP; McCormack v DPP; Jubb v DPP; Hawke v DPP; R (Olajide) v Stratford Magistrates’ Court 2. Admissibility of a Reading from a Preliminary Breath Test Smith (Stephen John Henry) v DPP 3. The Record of the Procedure R v Pydar JJ ex p Foster; Williams v DPP 4. The Discretion to Admit or Exclude Evidence: Unfairness DPP v Godwin; Hudson v DPP; Daniels v DPP; Brown (Kevin Mark) v DPP; Worsley v DPP; DPP v MacPhail; Prouse v DPP; Ortega v DPP; Porceddu v DPP; Harper v DPP; Davis (Karl) v DPP; DPP v Davies; R (DPP) v Evans (Brychan Gethin John); DPP v Preston; Watson v DPP; DPP v Kennedy; R (Forde) v DPP; DPP v Carless; R (Marsh (Ian)) v DPP; Charles v DPP; Moore v Preston Crown Court; Stanesby v DPP; R v Ashworth; Miller v DPP 5. Legal Advice Campbell v DPP; Kennedy v CPS; Myles v DPP; Kirkup v DPP; Whitley v DPP; CPS v Rice; Causey v DPP; Gearing v DPP; Cowper v DPP; CPS v Chalupa; Ambrose v Harris; HM Advocate v M; HM Advocate v G; Thomas (William Morgan) v DPP 6. Hearsay Watson v DPP 7. Bad Faith Matto v Wolverhampton Crown Court; Thomas (Frank George) v DPP; DPP v Wilson; Ogden v DPP; Sharpe v DPP; R v Dolgellau JJ ex p Cartledge; R v Penrith JJ ex p Marks; Braham v DPP; DPP v Corthine 8. Oral Evidence Culleton v Palmer; Owen v Chesters; Chief Constable of Kent v Ellis; Mace v Dean; Will v DPP; Thom v DPP; Greenaway v DPP; Van Flute v DPP; Perkins v DPP; Leong v DPP; Cummings v CPS; DPP v Sugden 9. Evidence of Unfitness to Drive Leetham v DPP; Hurst v DPP; Willicott v DPP; R v Irvine; R v Mohamed (Ahmed) 10. Evidence of Careless Driving R v Millington 11. Witness Summonses and Disclosure R v Coventry Magistrates’ Court ex p Perks; R v Skegness Magistrates’ Court ex p Cardy; R v Manchester Crown Court ex p Williams; R v Teesside JJ ex p Payne; R v Kingston-upon-Hull JJ ex p Walton; R v Pirehill North JJ ex p Stoddard; R v Tower Bridge Magistrates’ Court ex p DPP; Fearnley v DPP; DPP v Wood; DPP v McGillicuddy; R (Cunliffe) v West London Magistrates’ Court; R (Cunliffe) v Ealing Magistrates’ Court;  R (Cunliffe) v Hastings Magistrates’ Court; Rothon v DPP 12. Late Evidence Writtle v DPP 8 DEFINITIONS 1. Attempting to Drive R v Farrance; Kelly v Hogan; Mason v DPP; Moore v DPP 2. Breath Zafar v DPP; Woolfe v DPP 3. Consuming DPP v Johnson (David) 4. Conviction DPP v Haddigan 5. Driving R v MacDonagh; Rowan v Chief Constable of the Merseyside Police; McKoen v Ellis; Gunnell v DPP; DPP v Alderton 6. Drug Bradford v Wilson; R v Ealing Magistrates’ Court ex p Woodman; R v Norman 7. In Charge DPP v Webb; DPP v Watkins; DPP v Janman; CPS v Bate 8. Interview CPS v O’Shea; DPP v Rous and Davis; R (Ridehalgh) v DPP; Sneyd v DPP 9. Motor Vehicle Croitoru v CPS 10. Public Place Bowman v DPP; DPP v Vivier; DPP v Coulman; Edwards v DPP; R v Colchester JJ ex p Wood; Robinson v DPP; Taussik v DPP; Planton v DPP; DPP v Lloyd (David Michael); R (Lewis) v DPP; Cowan v DPP; Scott Richardson v DPP 11. Road Lang v Hindhaugh; Brewer v DPP; R (Dunmill) v DPP; Hallett v DPP; Avery v DPP 9 DEFENCES 1. Autrefois Acquit Broadbent v High; DPP v Porthouse; R v Truro & South Powder JJ ex p McCullagh; Williams (Alan Davies) v DPP 2. Consuming Alcohol after Ceasing to Drive 3. Duress/Necessity DPP v Jones (Jeremy); DPP v Bell (Derek); DPP v Davis; DPP v Pittaway; DPP v Rogers; DPP v Tomkinson; DPP v Hicks; DPP v Mullally; CPS v Brown (Christopher); Stevens v DPP 4. Insanity R v Birmingham JJ ex p Jacobs; DPP v Harper; R v Norman 5. No Likelihood of Driving DPP v Frost; Drake v DPP; Sheldrake v DPP; Attorney General’s Reference (No 4 of 2002); CPS v Thompson 10 SPECIAL REASONS 1. The Meaning of “Special” Whittall v Kirby; Chatters v Burke 2. Emergencies Taylor v Rajan; Fraser v Barton; Thompson v Diamond; Williams v Tierney; DPP v Waller; DPP v Sendell;  DPP v Feeney; DPP v Knight; DPP v Doyle; DPP v Upchurch; DPP v Bird; DPP v Enston; DPP v Whittle; DPP v Cox; DPP v Bristow; DPP v Tucker; DPP v Goddard; DPP v Ellis; DPP v Ubhi; R (Khan) v DPP; DPP v Heathcote; Key v CPS 3. Laced Drinks Pugsley v Hunter; Pridige v Gant; Smith v Geraghty; James v Morgan; DPP v Younas; Smith (Ian Philip) v DPP; R v Cambridge Magistrates’ Court ex p Wong; DPP v O’Connor and Other Cases; Woodward (Mark de Maine) v DPP; DPP v Vincent; DPP v Winfield-Grant; Robinson v DPP; DPP v Sharma 4. The Distance Driven and the Degree of Danger Redmond v Parry; DPP v Thomas (Graham Derek); DPP v Corcoran (Joseph Patrick); DPP v Williams (Shane); Costello v DPP; DPP v Craddock; DPP v Elsender; CPS v Humphries; DPP v Conroy; DPP v Oram; DPP v Harrison; DPP v Cove 5. Unaware of Being over the Limit DPP v O’Meara; DPP v White; Bryant v DPP; DPP v Jowle; DPP v Anderson (Marilyn); DPP v Wynne 6. Personal Circumstances Bullen v Keay; DPP v Hyland; DPP v Crawford; DPP v Phillips (Richard Charles) 7. Medical Condition R v Wickins; R v Jackson; R v Hart; DPP v Williams (Rhys Aubrey) 8. Other Arguments Lodwick v Brow; Vaughan v Dunn; Bolliston v Gibbons; McCormick v Hitchins; Jane v DPP; DPP v Kinnersley; DPP v Daley (No 2); DPP v Murray (David John); Ng v DPP 9. Exercising the Discretion not to Disqualify/Endorse R v Ashford and Tenterden Magistrates’ Court ex p Wood; Mayhew v DPP; DPP v Barker; Donahue v DPP; Lane v DPP; Dixon-Watmough v Preston Justices; R v St Alban’s Crown Court ex p O’Donovan 11 OTHER ISSUES 1. Adjournments Walden v Highbury Corner Magistrates’ Court; Stern v Highbury Corner Magistrates’ Court; Essen v DPP; Filmer v DPP; Williams v DPP; Visvaratnam v Brent Magistrates’ Court; Balogun v DPP; Cherpion v DPP; DPP v Petrie; R (Jenkins) v Hammersmith Magistrates Court; DPP v Woods; Decani v City of London Magistrates’ Court and CPS; Bourne v Scarborough Magistrates’ Court; R (Gatenby) v Newton Ayecliffe (sic) Magistrates’ Court; R (DPP) v Sunderland Magistrates Court and Hanson; R (Kharaghan) v City of London Magistrates and CPS; R (Parashar) v Sunderland Magistrates’ Court and CPS; Saunders v Bristol Magistrates’ Court and CPS 2. The Case Stated R v City of London JJ ex p Ocansey; R v Warrington JJ ex p Worsley; R v Cheshire JJ ex p Henshaw;  R v Fylde and Wyre JJ ex p Gornall; R (DPP) v Chorley Magistrates’ Court; DPP v Vince; Kang v DPP 3. Judicial Review R (Clarke) v Ipswich Crown Court; R (Hi) v Willesden Magistrates’ Court and CPS; DPP (Blakeley) v Manchester and Salford Magistrates’ Court; DPP (Whyte) v Manchester and Salford Magistrates’ Court;  R (Usman) v Reading Magistrates’ Court; R v Wilson, Walmsley, York & Senior; DPP (Bhusal) v Walsall Magistrates’ Court; DPP (Thaiss) v Lincoln Magistrates’ Court 4. Charges Thomson v Knights; Jones v Thomas (John Barrie); DPP v Gane; R v Chichester Magistrates’ Court ex p DPP; Butterworth v DPP; R v Bolton JJ ex p Khan (Zafer Alli); DPP (R) v Short; R v Phipps; Crann v CPS 5. Costs Ho-Shing v CPS 6. Disqualification from Driving George v DPP; R v Loughborough JJ ex p Smith (Steven); Shaw v DPP and Other Cases; Crampsie v DPP; R (Cawley) v Warrington Crown Court 7. Equivocal Plea Ankrah v DPP 8. Proof of Driving Patterson v Charlton; DPP v Williams (Charles Anthony); Brown v Stott (Procurator Fiscal, Dunfermline) and Another; Huntley v DPP; Jones (Vivian Mary) v DPP; Premananthan v CPS 9. Legal Aid R v Richmond Magistrates’ Court ex p Gawel; R v Gravesham Magistrates’ Court ex p Baker; R v Slough Magistrates’ Court ex p Noble; R v Cheshire JJ ex p Rolt; R (Matara) v Brent Magistrates’ Court; R v Dean Thomas 10. The Magistrates Owen v Jones; R v Downham Market Magistrates’ Court ex p Nudd; DPP v Quinn; R v Highbury Corner Magistrates’ Court ex p Tann; Huchard v DPP; R v Newcastle upon Tyne Magistrates’ Court ex p Currie; R v Chelmsford Magistrates’ Court ex p Hammond 11. Re-opening the Case MacDonald v Skelt; R v Aylesbury Crown Court ex p Lait; Jolly (Christopher) v DPP; R v Cook ex p DPP; Steward v DPP; Khatibi v DPP; Malcolm v DPP 12. Reckless Driving Hand v DPP 13. Stay of Proceedings and Abuse of Process R v Bishop’s Stortford JJ ex p DPP; DPP v Edgar; DPP v Garrety; R (Bozkurt) v Thames Magistrates’ Court; R v Boyd; Hoar-Stevens v Richmond Magistrates’ Court; Christopher Boucher, Interested Party; DPP v Meakin; Ivic v DPP; Murphy (Gerard) v DPP; Roberts v DPP; Morris v DPP; DPP v Spalluto 14. Verdicts Macphail v DPP; DPP v Chajed; R v Roberts (Samantha Ann) 15. Perverting the Course of Justice by Avoiding Detection R v Clark (Mark) APPENDICES Road Traffic Act 1988, sections 3A to 11 Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988, sections 15, 16, 34, 35 Index