Maintaining forest biodiversity by combining protection, management and restoration of forest and woodland landscapes is a central component of sustainable development. Evidence that there are threshold levels for how much habitat loss may be tolerated for viable populations of specialised species to be maintained. Policy-makers, businesses and managers pose questions about how to balance use of renewable forest resources and conserve biodiversity. Examples are presented on how biodiversity assessments can be made. Proposes how the critical gaps in our knowledge identified throughout the book could be filled through macroecological research and international co-operation.

Table of Contents:
Targets and tools for the maintenance of forest biodiversity - an introduction: P.Angelstam, M. Dönz-Breuss and J.M. Roberge. BorNet - a boreal network for sustainable forest management: P. Angelstam, J. Innes, J. Niemela and J. Spence. The sustainable forest management vision and biodiversity - barriers and bridges for the implementation in actual landscapes: P. Angelstam, R. Persson and R. Schlaepfer. Sustainable forest management and Pan-European forest policy: E. Rametsteiner and P. Mayer. Biodiversity research in the boreal forests of Canada: protection, management and monitoring: C. Whittaker, K. Squires and J.L. Innes. Research requirements to acheive sustainable forest management in Canada: an industry perspective: D. Hebert. First Nations: measures and monitors of boreal forest biodiversity: M. Stevenson and J. Webb. IKEA's contribution to sustainable forest management: H. Djurberg, P. Stenmark and G. Vollbrecht. Biodiversity manangment in Swiss mountain forests: C.R. Neet and M. Bolliger. Management for forest biodiversity in Austria - the view of local forest enterprise: M. Dönz-Breuss, B. Maiser and H. Malin. Boreal forest disturbance regimes, successional dynamics and landscape structures - a European perspective: P. Angelstam and T. Kuuluvainen. Natural disturbances and the amount of large trees, deciduous trees and coarse woody debris in the forests of Novgorod Region, Russia: E. Shorohova and S. Tetioukhin. Natural forest remants and transport infrastructure? does history matter for biodiversity conservation planning? P. Angelstam, G. Mikusinski and J. Fridman. Do empirical thresholds truly reflect species intolerance to habitat alteration? J.S. Guenette and M.A. Villard. Habitat thresholds and effects of forest landscape change on hte distribution and abundance of black grouse and capercaillie: P. Angelstam. Area-sensitivity of the sand lizard and spider wasps in sandy pine heath forests - umbrella species for early successional biodiversity conservation? S.A. Berglind. Influence of edges between old deciduous forest and clearcuts on the abundance of passerine hole-nesting birds in Lithuania: G. Brazaitis and P. Angelstam. Quantitative snag targets for the three-toes woodpecker Picoides tridactylus: R. Butler, P. Angelstam and R. Schlaepfer. Large woody debris and brown trout in small forest streams - towards targets for assessment and management of riparian landscapes: E. Degerman. B. Sers, J. Tornblom and P. Angelstam. Occurence of Siberian jay Perisoreus infaustus in relation to amount of forest at landscape and home range scale: L. Edenius, T. Brodin and N. White. Old- growth boreal forests, three-toed woodpecker and saproxylic beetles - the importance of landscape management history on local consumer-resource dynamics: P. Fayt. Management targets for the conservation of hazel grouse in boreal landscapes: G. Jansson, P. Angelstam, J. Aberg and J. Swenson. Occurence of mammals and birds with different ecological characteristics in relation to forest cover in Europe - do macroecological data make sense?: P. Reunanen, M. Monkkonen, A. Nikula, E. Hurme and V. Nivala. Habitat requirements of the pine wood-living beetle Tragosoma depsarium (Coleoptera: Cerambyciade) at log, stand, and landscape scale: L.O. Wikars. Monitoring forest biodiversity – from the policy level to the management unit: P. Angelstam, J.-M. Roberge, M. Dönz-Breuss, I. J. Burfield and G. Ståhl. Measuring forest biodiversity at the stand scale – an evaluation of indicators in European forest history gradients: P. Angelstam and M. Dönz-Breuss. Land management data and terrestrial vertebrates as indicators of biodiversity at the landscape scale:. P. Angelstam, T. Edman, M. Dönzforest Breuss and M. F. Wallis DeVries. Identifying high conservation value forests in the Baltic States from forest databases: P. Kurlavicius, R. Kuuba, M. L kins, G. Mozgeris, P. Tolvanen, H. Karjalainen, P. Angelstam and M. Walsh. The role of Geographical Information Systems and Optical Remote Sensing in monitoring boreal ecosystems: J. E. Young and G. A. Sánches-Azofeifa. Indicator species and biodiversity monitoring systems for non-industrial private forest owners – is there a communication problem?: H. Uliczka, P. Angelstam and J.-M. Roberge. Connecting social and ecological systems: an integrated toolbox for hierarchical evaluation of biodiversity policy implementation: M. Lazdinis and P. Angelstam. Loss of old-growth, and the minimum need for strictly protected forests in Estonia: A. Lõhmus, K. Kohv, A. Palo and K. Viilma. Assessing actual landscapes for the maintenance of forest biodiversity – a pilot study using forest management data: P. Angelstam and P. Bergman. Habitat modelling as a tool for landscape-scale conservation – a review of parameters for focal forest birds: P. Angelstam, J.-M. Roberge, A. Lõhmus, M. Bergmanis, G. Brazaitis, M. Dönz-Breuss, L. Edenius, Z. Kosinski, P. Kurlavicius, V. Larmanis, M. L kins, G. Mikusiñski, E. Raèinski, M. Strazds and P. Tryjanowski. Multidimensional habitat modelling in forest management – a case study using capercaillie in the Black Forest, Germany: R. Suchant and V. Braunisch. Towards the assessment of environmental sustainability in forest ecosystems: measuring the natural capital: O. Ullsten, P. Angelstam, A. Patel, D. J. Rapport, A. Cropper, L. Pinter and M. Washburn. Targets for boreal forest biodiversity conservation – a rationale for macroecological research and adaptive management: P. Angelstam, S. Boutin, F. Schmiegelow, M.-A. Villard, P. Drapeau, G. Holst, J. Innes, G. Isachenko, T. Kuuluvainen, M. Mönkkönen, J. Niemelä, G. Niemi, J.-M. Roberge, J. Spence and D. Stone.