Understand the fundamentals of electrical power systems with this accessible guide Few subjects are more fundamental to modern life than electrical power. The systems that generate, transport, and distribute electricity are among the most essential contributors to modern industry, development, and everyday living. As energy demand grows and, with it, the electric power industry, more and more non-electrical professionals must make important policy and administrative decisions regarding the systems that power our world. Electric Power System Basics for the Nonelectrical Professional provides an education on the basics of this subject, including the various types of energy sources, types of transmission and distribution lines, grid modernization, and much more. From residential to industrial energy, and from metering principles to energy conservation techniques, this book provides a one-stop reference on all relevant areas of knowledge. Now fully updated to reflect the latest advances and the current state of a growing industry, it is a must-own for anyone looking to bring foundational power systems knowledge to bear on policy or industrial issues. Readers of the third edition will also find: Coverage of wildfire mitigation strategies to reduce safety risk Detailed discussion of regulatory changes and their effects on system operations Updated coverage of system reliability and smart technologies Updated discussion of the transitioning digital power grid Electric Power System Basics for the Nonelectrical Professional is ideal for power industry executives and state regulators.

Table of Contents:
About the Author xv Preface xvii Chapter Summaries xix Acknowledgments xxv 1 System Overview, Terminology, and Basic Concepts 1 Chapter Objectives 1 History of Electric Power 1 System Overview 3 Terminology 4 Voltage 4 Current 5 Hole Flow vs. Electron Flow 5 Power 6 Energy 7 dc Voltage and Current 7 AC Voltage and Current 8 Comparing AC and DC Voltage and Current 8 Frequency 9 Phase Angle 9 AC Voltage Generation 10 Physical Law # 1 10 Single-Phase AC Voltage Generation 11 Three-Phase AC Voltage Generation 11 Three-Phase AC Generator 11 The Stator 11 The Rotor 12 The Exciter 15 AC Connections 16 Delta 17 Wye 17 Wye and Delta Stator Connections 17 Three Types of Electrical Load 18 Resistive Load 19 Inductive Load 19 Capacitive Load 19 2 Generation 21 Chapter Objectives 21 Real-Time Generation 21 Power Plants and Prime Movers 22 Steam Turbine Power Plants 23 Fossil Fuel Power Plants 24 Nuclear Power Plants 25 Nuclear Energy 27 Other Related Topics 31 Hydroelectric Power Plants 32 Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants 33 Combustion Turbine Generation Plants 35 Combined Cycle Power Plants (Combustion and Steam) 37 Renewable Energy 37 Cost of Renewable Energy Generation 39 Wind Turbine Generators 40 Solar Thermal 42 Solar Direct Generation (Photovoltaic) 43 Geothermal Power Plants 47 Biomass 48 Inverter-based Resources 49 3 Transmission Lines 53 Chapter Objectives 53 Transmission Lines 53 Raising Voltage to Reduce Current 54 Raising Voltage to Reduce Losses 55 Bundled Conductors 55 Conductors 55 Conductor Material 56 Copper 56 Aluminum 56 Steel 56 Conductor Types 57 Solid 57 Stranded 57 Aluminum-Conductor Steel-Reinforced (ACSR) 57 Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported (ACSS) 58 Conductor Size 58 American Standard Wire Gauge (AWG) 58 Circular Mils (CMs) 59 Insulation and Outer Covers 59 Voltage Classes 60 Transmission Line Design Parameters 61 Insulation 61 Air Gaps for 60-Hertz Power Frequency Voltage 61 Contamination Levels 61 Expected Switching Surge Overvoltage Conditions 62 Safe Working Space 62 Lightning Performance 62 Audible Noise 62 Underground Transmission 62 dc Transmission Systems 63 4 Substations 65 Chapter Objectives 65 Substation Equipment 65 Transformers 66 Transformer Fundamentals 67 Power Transformers 69 Bushings 70 Instrument Transformers 71 Current Transformers 72 Potential Transformers 73 Autotransformers 74 Regulators 77 Theory of Operation 77 Regulator Controls 81 Base Voltage 82 Bandwidth 82 Time Delay 83 Manual/Auto 83 Compensation 83 Other Regulator Settings 84 Circuit Breakers 84 SF 6 Gas Circuit Breakers 85 Oil Circuit Breakers 85 Vacuum Circuit Breakers 87 Air Circuit Breakers 87 Reclosers 88 Disconnect Switches 90 Substations 91 Line Switches 92 Lightning Arresters 94 Electrical Bus 97 Capacitor Banks 98 Substation Capacitor Banks 98 Distribution Capacitor Bank 98 Reactors 100 Shunt Reactors—Transmission 100 Series Reactors – Distribution 101 Static VAR Compensators 101 Control Building 103 Preventative Maintenance 104 Infrared Technology 104 Dissolved Gas Analysis 105 5 Distribution 107 Chapter Objectives 107 Distribution Systems 107 Distribution Voltages 108 Distribution Feeders 109 WYE vs. Delta Feeders and Connections 110 Derivation of Line-to-Ground vs. Line-to-Neutral Voltages 115 Wye 116 Overhead Primaries 116 Delta Overhead Primaries 117 Transformer Connections 119 Distribution Transformers: Single Phase 120 Transformer Secondary Connections: Residential 121 Single-Phase One-Bushing Transformer 123 Distribution Transformers: Three-Phase 123 Transformer Internal Connections 123 The Three-Phase Wye–Wye Transformer Bank (208/120 Vac) 125 The Three-Phase Wye–Wye Transformer Bank (480/277 Vac) 125 Dry Pack Transformers 126 Three-Phase Delta Transformer Banks (240/120 Vac) 127 Fuses and Cut-Outs 129 Riser or Dip Pole 132 Underground Service 132 Primary Distribution Cable 133 Load Break Elbow 134 Splices 134 Underground Single-Phase Connection 136 Underground Wye–Wye Three-Phase Connections 138 Single-Phase Open-Loop Underground System 138 Secondary Service Wire 139 6 Consumption 141 Chapter Objectives 141 Electrical Energy Consumption 141 Consumption Characteristics 142 Basic AC Circuits 142 Phase Angle Comparisons between Load Types 143 Combining Load Types 143 Power System Efficiency 144 Power Factor 145 Supply and Demand in Real Time 146 Demand Side Management 147 Residential 147 Commercial 148 Industrial 148 Data Centers 148 Metering 149 Residential Metering 150 Demand Metering 151 Time of Use Metering 152 Smart Consumption 153 Reactive Meters 154 Primary Metering 154 Performance-Based Rates 156 Service Entrance Equipment 157 Residential Service Entrance Equipment 158 Service Entrance Panel 159 Light Switch 160 Receptacle 161 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter Receptacles 163 240 Volt Loads 164 Commercial and Industrial Service Entrance Equipment 165 Power Factor Correction 165 Over-Correcting Power Factor 166 Location of Power Factor Correction Capacitors 166 Motor Starting Techniques 167 Emergency Stand-by Generators 168 UPS Systems 168 Power Quality 169 7 System Protection 173 Chapter Objectives 173 Two Types of Protection 173 System Protection Equipment and Concepts 175 Protective Relays 175 Solid State 176 Electromechanical Relays 176 Inverse Current–Time Concept 176 One-Line Diagrams 179 Distribution Protection 180 Overcurrent and Reclosing Relays 181 Typical Distribution Feeder Relay Operation 181 Underfrequency Relays 183 Transmission Protection 183 Zone or Distance Relays 184 Zone 1 Relays 185 Zone 2 Relays 185 Zone 3 Relays 186 Substation Protection 186 Differential Relays 186 Transformer Differential Relays 186 Bus Differential Protection Schemes 187 Over and Undervoltage Relays 187 Generator Protection 187 Winding Short Circuit 187 Unbalanced Fault Current 188 Frequency Excursion 188 Loss of Excitation 188 Field Ground Protection 188 Motoring 188 Steam Safety Valve Tripping 189 Generator Synchronization 189 Synchronizing Procedure 190 Overall Transmission Protection 191 Substation Automation 191 Wildfire Ignition Risk Reduction 194 8 Interconnected Power Systems 195 Chapter Objectives 195 Interconnected Power Systems 195 The North American Power Grids 196 Regulatory Environment 197 Independent System Operators (ISOs) and Regional Transmission Operators (RTOs) 198 Regional Entities 199 The Balancing Authority 199 Interchange Scheduling 200 Area Control Error 201 ACE Equation 202 Time Correction 203 Interconnected System Operations 203 Inertia of the Power Grid 204 Balanced Generation Conditions 205 Unbalanced Generation Conditions 206 System Stability 206 System Instability 208 Conditional Stability 208 Unit Regulation and Frequency Response 209 System Demand and Generator Loading 209 Spinning Reserves 210 Capacity for Sale 211 Reactive Reserves and Voltage Control 211 Generator Dispatch 212 Load Forecasting 212 Reliable Grid Operations 213 Normal Operations 215 Disturbance Situational Awareness 215 Frequency Deviation 215 Cascading Failures 217 Voltage Deviation 218 Emergency Operations 218 Loss of Generation 219 Loss of Transmission Sources 220 9 System Control Centers and Telecommunications 223 Chapter Objectives 223 Electric System Control Centers 223 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) 225 Data Acquisition Functions 226 Control Functions 228 Energy Management Systems 228 State Estimator 229 Contingency Analysis 229 Transmission Stability Analysis 229 Dynamic Security Assessment 230 Emergency Load Shedding 230 Power Flow Analysis 230 Generation Planning, Scheduling, and Control 230 Economic Dispatch 231 Reactive Power Scheduling 231 Dynamic Reserves Analysis 231 Load Profiling and Forecasts 231 Demand Side Management 231 Energy Accounting 232 Operator Training Simulator 232 Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) 232 Synchrophasors and Power Angles 234 Telecommunications 236 Optical Fiber 237 Microwave Radio 241 Power Line Carrier 242 Radio Communications 243 Copper Communications 244 Satellite Communications 244 Utility Communications Systems 244 10 The Transitioning Digital Power Grid 247 Chapter Objectives 247 Grid Resiliency 247 The Intelligent Grid 248 Transitioning Grid Reliability 249 Battery Energy Storage Systems 251 DER Transformation 251 High Dependency on IBRs 252 Voltage Ride Through 254 Frequency Ride Through 255 The Transitioning Distribution System 257 Comparing Traditional to Modernized Distribution Systems 258 Key Components and Features of ADMS 258 Key Components and Functions of DERMs 259 Resilient Microgrids 260 Electric Vehicles 262 Fast Charging 263 EV Infrastructure and Grid Operations 264 Bi-directorial EV Charging as a DER 264 EV Environmental Impact 265 EV Charging Methods 265 Building the Digital Grid of Tomorrow 265 The Digital Twin and Cybersecurity 266 Grid Flexibility 266 11 Personal Protection (Safety) 269 Chapter Objectives 269 Electrical Safety 269 Personal Protection 270 Human Vulnerability to Electrical Current 270 Principles of “Isolation” Safety 270 Principles of “Equipotential” Safety 272 Ground Potential Rise 273 Touch and Step Potentials 273 Working Transmission Safely 274 Energized Equipment 274 De-Energized Equipment and Ground Jumpers 275 Working Distribution Safety 276 Switching 278 ARC Flash 278 About the Arc 280 Hazard Categories 280 Protective Clothing and Equipment 281 Approach Boundaries 283 Electrical Safety Around the Home 283 Appendix A The Derivation of Root Mean Squared 287 Residential Voltage 287 Appendix B Graphical Power Factor Analysis 289 Recommended Reading 291 Index 293