This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1908 edition. Excerpt: ...in ordinary country from such maps, the distance and probable amount of curvature may be known with some degree of accuracy, but the character of the material is not shown, nor the minor irregularities. A horseback trip, or possibly a trip with a team, with short excursions from the road on foot or horseback at various points, will sufficiently determine the characters of the routes so that a choice may be made from the map. For reading a map without contours the following suggestions will be helpful: --1. A main ridge may be traced by following along between the heads of streams of adjoining main watersheds. 2. Some sort of ridge or point will lie between the more or less parallel adjacent streams of the same watershed. 3. Two streams of different watersheds, that run nearly parallel and close together, are likely to have a high narrow ridge between them with low saddles or passes. Such an arrangement of streams as is shown in Fig. 84 indicates the likelihood of a low pass at A, and another, possibly higher, actually nearly the same level, though narrower and easier of approach at B in the case this sketch represents. At C a high hill is indicated by the several radiating streams, and at D the probability of a larger, more or less level, area almost surrounded by hills. In Fig. 85 the valley has probably gentler slopes on its left (going with the stream) than on its right, and the ridges RR are steeper to the right, facing the figure. These facts are indicated by the larger tributaries in the valley on its left side. The ridge line shown between the overlapping streams of Fig. 86 is probably very crooked, and with considerable variation of level between such high points as are probably at A and B, and such a low point as is probably at C..