Environmental ENGINEERING Environmental ENGINEERING
PREVENTION and RESPONSE to Water-, Food-, Soil-, and Airborne Disease and Illness
Sixth Edition
First published in 1958, Salvato’s Environmental Engineering has long been the definitive reference for generations of sanitation and environmental engineers. Approaching its fiftieth year of continual publication in a rapidly changing field, the Sixth Edition has been fully reworked and reorganized into three separate, succinct volumes to adapt to a more complex and scientifically demanding field with dozens of specializations.
Updated and reviewed by leading experts in the field, this revised edition offers new coverage of appropriate technology for developing countries. Stressing the practicality and appropriateness of treatment, the Sixth Edition provides realistic solutions for the practicing public health official or environmental engineer.
This volume, Environmental Engineering: Prevention and Response to Water-, Food-, Soil-, and Airborne Disease and Illness, Sixth Edition covers:
- Disease transmission by contaminated water
- Food-borne diseases
- Control of diseases of the air and land
- Appropriate technology for developing countries
- Environmental emergencies and emergency preparedness
Also available:
Environmental Engineering, Sixth Edition: Water, Wastewater, Soil and Groundwater Treatment and Remediation 978-0-470-08303-1
Environmental Engineering, Sixth Edition: Environmental Health and Safety for Municipal Infrastructure, Land Use & Planning, and Industry 978-0-470-08305-5
Table of Contents:
PREFACE xv
CONTRIBUTORS xvii
CHAPTER 1 DISEASE TRANSMISSION BY CONTAMINATED WATER 1
Richard F. Unz
Introduction / 1
Control of Source (Agent Factors) / 3
Control of Mode of Transmission / 5
Control of Susceptibles (Host Factors) / 6
Typical Epidemic Control / 8
Waterborne Diseases / 12
General / 12
Survival of Pathogens / 13
Substance Dose to Cause Illness / 15
Summary of Characteristics and Control of Water- and Foodborne Diseases / 17
Vehicle or Means by Which Waterborne Diseases Are Spread / 44
Historical Waterborne Disease Background / 45
Control and Prevention of Waterborne Diseases / 55
Prevention of Waterborne Diseases / 56
Schistosomiasis / 58
Bioterrorism / 59
Smallpox / 61
Anthrax / 62
Plague / 64
Tularemia / 65
Glanders / 65
Botulism / 66
Tetanus or Lockjaw / 67
Noninfectious and Noncommunicable Diseases and
Conditions Associated with the Water Environment / 67
Background / 67
Prevention and Control / 71
Investigation of a Water Disease Outbreak / 72
General / 72
Samples and Specimens / 81
Epidemiology and Risk / 83
Molecular Detection of Waterborne Pathogens / 86
References / 90
Bibliography / 98
CHAPTER 2 CONTROL OF DISEASES OF THE AIR AND LAND 99
Nabarun Dasgupta
Communicable Diseases / 99
Background / 99
Life Expectancy and Mortality / 101
Framework for Disease Transmission / 106
Regulatory Authorities in Health / 108
Epidemic Control at the Individual Level / 109
Behavioral Change / 110
Antibiotics and Antivirals / 111
Vaccination (or Immunization) / 111
Control of Infectious Agents and Vectors / 113
Environmental Control of Infectious Diseases / 114
Arthropodborne Diseases / 116
Zoonoses and Their Spread / 127
Infectious Respiratory Diseases / 138
Bioterrorism / 141
Smallpox / 142
Anthrax / 143
Noncommunicable Diseases and Conditions Associated with the Environment / 143
Background / 143
Prevention and Control / 146
Environmental Control Legislation / 147
Lead Poisoning / 151
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning / 154
Mercury Poisoning / 155
Illnesses Associated with Air Pollution—Lung Diseases / 157
Asbestos Diseases / 159
Malignant Neoplasms (Cancer) / 160
Cardiovascular Diseases / 160
Methemoglobinemia / 162
Dental Caries / 162
Hypothermia / 163
High Environmental Temperatures / 163
Skin Damage from Sunlight / 164
Tap Water Scalds / 165
Sporotrichosis / 165
Definitions / 165
Useful Internet Web Sites / 169
References / 169
CHAPTER 3 FOODBORNE DISEASES 175
Nabarun Dasgupta
Introduction / 175
Survival of Pathogens / 176
Infectious Dose / 177
Reservoir or Source of Disease Agents / 178
Humans as Reservoirs / 178
Animals as Reservoirs / 180
Food Spoilage / 181
Burden and Cost of Foodborne Illness / 183
Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance / 184
Poultry / 185
Milk and Other Dairy Products / 186
Fruits and Vegetables / 188
Meat and Seafood / 188
Control and Prevention of Foodborne Diseases / 188
Prevention of Foodborne Diseases / 188
Mercury Poisoning / 197
Methemoglobinemia / 199
Dental Caries / 200
Sporotrichosis / 201
Nutritional Deficiency and Related Diseases / 201
References / 207
CHAPTER 4 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 213
Harvey F. Ludwig
Abbreviations / 213
Introduction / 215
Background / 215
History / 215
Problem of Developing Countries / 216
Summary of DC Problem / 217
Purpose of This Chapter / 219
Specific Subjects Included in This Chapter / 220
Environmental Governance / 223
Introduction / 223
Situation in DCs versus United States/ICs / 223
What DC and IAA Practitioners Can Do to Correct This Problem / 224
Role of the Private Sector / 225
Urban Water Supply / 225
Situation in United States/ICs / 225
Situation in Typical DCs / 226
Suggested Approach for Improving IAA Assistance to DCs / 227
Appropriate Water Quality Standards / 229
Water and Sewer Pipes in Same Trench / 229
Reuse of Treated Wastewater / 231
IAA-Sponsored Community Water Supply Programs / 231
Other Considerations / 232
Water Hyacinths / 233
Water Quality Analyses / 234
Water Quality Monitoring / 238
Role of Private Sector / 238
Integrated Economic-cum-Environmental Development Planning (IEEDP) / 240
Water Resources Management / 240
Reducing Water Irrigation Requirement / 241
China Studies Sponsored by World Bank / 241
Watershed Management / 242
Urban Sewerage and Excreta Management (USEM) / 242
Situation in ICs / 243
Situation in Typical DCs / 245
Sewerage-cum-Sanitation Systems for 100 Percent
Excreta Management / 247
Sewage Treatment Systems / 247
Sewage Collection (Including Interceptors, Pumping, Transmission) / 248
Sewage Characteristics and Needs for Treatment and Point Source Control / 250
Sewage Flow Measurement / 250
Appropriate Standards / 251
Marine Sewage Disposal / 251
Buffer Area Requirements around
Treatment/Pumping Plants / 253
Regional Water Pollution Control / 253
Industrial Wastewater Management / 253
Situation in ICs versus DCs / 253
Discharge into Municipal Sewerage Systems (MSSs) / 255
Discharge Directly to Environment / 256
Appropriate Standards / 257
Cleaner Production (CP) / 257
Industrial Estates / 258
Marine Disposal / 258
Abstract / 260
Urban Solid Waste Management / 261
Situation in United States versus DCs / 261
Practical Sanitary Landfilling Technology for DCs / 261
Experience in Asian DCs / 262
Alternative Disposal Methods / 264
Reclamation of Swamp Lowlands by Refuse Landfilling / 264
Urban Air Pollution Control / 269
Background / 269
Thailand: General Situation / 269
Thailand: Sharing of Controls for Multiple Industries / 270
Air Pollution Control Experience in India / 272
Hazardous Wastes Management / 276
Background / 276
Guidelines Manual for DCs / 276
Megacities: Rural to Urban Migration / 282
Background / 282
Economic Policies for Sustainable Development (ADB) / 282
Existing Situation in the DCs / 283
Urban Growth Management/Action Strategy / 285
Effective Control of Environmental Degradation / 287
Follow-up Evaluation of ADB Study / 288
Essay on Urban Population Growth in DCs / 290
Urban Slums / 292
Background / 292
Indonesia Kampung Improvement Projects (KIPs) / 292
Urban Sanitation / 295
Ports and Harbors / 295
Coastal City of Chonburi in Thailand / 296
Public Water Supply Taps / 296
Rural Sanitation / 298
Very Low Priority for Attention / 298
WHO Manuals / 298
Xiaolangdi Resettlement / 298
Farm Animal Manures / 300
Handwashing / 300
School Sanitation / 301
Hazard of Flies / 301
Septic Tanks for Coastal Homes on Stilts / 301
Water Treatment for Homes Using Surface Waters / 301
Public Health / 302
Assessment by Asian Development Bank / 302
Water Supply and Sanitation / 302
Disease Reporting / 303
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) / 305
Difficulties in Application of EIA Process to DCs / 305
Effective Use of EIA Process in DCs / 306
Recommended EIA Report Components / 309
Constraints for Construction Contractors / 310
Need for Effective Training / 312
Environmental Economics and Financing / 313
Inclusion of Environmental Values in Project
Economic Analysis (PEA) / 313
Effect of EPMs on Project Economic and Financial Analyses / 313
Human Greed Parameter / 313
Economic-cum-Environmental Development Planning / 314
Value of Human Life / 314
Protecting Precious Eco-Resources / 314
Emergencies Management / 315
Technology Transfer (TT) / 315
Problem / 315
Recommendation / 317
Development Planning for DCs / 317
Social Parameters: Attention to Rural Poverty Poor / 317
Eco-Resources Protection / 319
Affordability of Environmental Improvements / 322
Integrated Economic-cum-Environmental Development Planning (IEEDP) / 322
Global Warming / 323
Problem / 323
Future of Environment in Developing Countries / 325
Problem of DCs / 325
Changes in Environmental Policy in the ICs / 325
Glimpse of Future / 326
Recommendations / 326
References / 326
CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS 335
Piero M. Armenante and James P. Mack
Introduction / 335
Emergency Planning for Industrial Facilities / 339
Resources / 340
Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs) / 341
Media Center / 341
Communication Equipment and Alarm Systems / 342
Firefighting Facilities, Equipment, and Supplies / 344
Spill and Vapor Release Control Equipment / 345
Medical Facilities, Equipment, and Supplies / 345
Meteorological Equipment / 346
Security and Access Control Equipment / 346
Environmental Testing Systems / 346
Emergency Action Levels / 347
Emergency Response Organization / 347
Initial-Response Organization / 348
Full Emergency Response Organization / 349
Emergency Director (Site Emergency Coordinator) / 349
Response Operations Coordinator / 349
Incident Response Commander (IRC, Field Operations Coordinator) / 351
Incident Response Team / 351
Emergency Functions / 352
Emergency Response Actions / 353
Concept of Operations / 353
Emergency Response Implementing Procedures / 353
Environmental Considerations / 354
Recovery, Reentry, and Restoration / 354
Training, Exercises, and Plan Maintenance / 355
Emergency Planning at the Local Level / 356
Emergency Management / 356
Leadership Commitment / 356
Planning Team / 357
Planning Process / 358
Hazards Analysis / 358
Damage Assessment and Recovery Operations / 360
Resources / 360
Content of the Plan and Procedures / 361
Plan Integration / 362
Public Information / 363
Public Education / 363
Public Emergency Notification / 364
Conclusion / 364
References / 364
INDEX 367
