This book covers a range of topics that are of increasing importance in engineering practice: natural hazards, pollution, and environmental protection through good practice. The first half of the book deals with natural risk factors, of both natural and human origin, that should be considered: subsidence, accidental infiltration, soil instability, rockslides and mudslides, debris flow, and degradation of buildings and monuments due to pollution and climactic effects, for example. These problems are highlighted and it is shown that a combination of sophisticated numerical techniques and extensive experimental investigations are necessary in order to effectively tackle these problems. The second half of the book is devoted to the use of polluted sites and associated problems, a topic of growing significance given the increasing reclamation of land from abandoned industrial sites for urban development over the last 20 years. Different types of oil pollution and decontamination methods are described, followed by a discussion of waste management and detailed coverage of confinement liners used in surface waste disposal.

Table of Contents:
Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Debris Flows 1 Christophe ANCEY 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Typology of torrential flows 2 1.3. Initiation, motion and effects of debris flows 6 1.4. Modeling debris flows 12 1.5. Bibliography 30 Chapter 2. Snow Avalanches 39 Christophe ANCEY 2.1. Introduction 39 2.2. Modeling avalanches 45 2.3. Bibliography 65 Chapter 3. Instability of Soil Masses 73 Laurent VULLIET 3.1. Introduction 73 3.2. Slowly moving slopes 75 3.3. Limit state analysis 78 3.4. Case of non-saturated masses 84 3.5. Conclusion and prospects 90 3.6. Bibliography 91 Chapter 4. Instability of Rock Masses 93 François DESCOEUDRES 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. Cliff stability and toppling 94 4.3. Contact-impact 99 4.4. Flight trajectory 101 4.5. Sliding and rolling 103 4.6. Impact on an embankment (safety embankment) 107 4.7. Capacity of the protective structures 111 4.8. Conclusion 114 4.9. Bibliography 114 Chapter 5. Subsidence Phenomena 117 Bernhard SCHREFLER and Luciano SIMONI 5.1. Subsidence caused by water withdrawal 117 5.2. Artificially-induced land uplift 141 5.3. Conclusions 146 5.4. Bibliography 147 Chapter 6. Soil Collapse due to Water Infiltration 149 Yu-Jun CUI and Pierre DELAGE 6.1. Introduction 149 6.2. The loess in Northern France 151 6.3. Conclusion 165 6.4. Bibliography 167 Chapter 7. Subsidence Induced by Fossil Fuel Extraction 171 Christian SCHROEDER, Yu-Jun CUI and Bernhard SCHREFLER 7.1. Introduction 171 7.2. Subsidence due to coal extraction 172 7.3. Recap of the basic Barcelona mode1 176 7.4. Subsidence due to oil exploitation 179 7.5. Subsidence due to the exploitation of gas reservoirs 185 7.6. Acknowledgements 197 7.7. Bibliography 197 Chapter 8. Deterioration of Stone in Monuments 201 Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN 8.1. Introduction 201 8.2. Intrinsic degradation factors 202 8.3. Extrinsic degradation factors 214 8.4. Acknowledgements 240 8.5. Bibliography 240 Chapter 9. The Physics of Water Transfer in Stone 247 Jean-Paul LAURENT 9.1. General concepts and terminology 247 9.2. Water in stones: capillarity 250 9.3. Modeling water transfer in stone 263 9.4. Bibliography 271 Chapter 10. Experimental Techniques for Characterizing Alterations 275 Claude BRUNJAIL, Guy BASTIAN, Grégoire CHÉNÉ and Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN. Updated by Philippe BROMBLET 10.1. Laboratory and in situ testing 275 10.2. Hydric and thermal transfers: specific techniques 296 10.3. Bibliography 303 Chapter 11. Case Studies 313 Jean GODIN, Claude BRUNJAIL, Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN and Ann BOURGÈS 11.1. Notre-Dame-la-Grande Church in Poitiers, in situ study 313 11.2. Research on earthen plaster stabilized with bitumen and polychrome decoration: Navrongo cathedral, North Ghana 321 11.3. Bibliography 330 Chapter 12. The Nature and Survey of Soil Pollution 333 Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Pierre DELAGE and Michel WOJNAROWICZ 12.1. Introduction 333 12.2. The nature of soil pollution 334 12.3. The survey of contaminated sites 339 12.4. Conclusions 356 12.5. Bibliography 357 Chapter 13. Retention and Transfer of Soluble Chemical Pollutants: Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling 361 Robert CHARLIER and Jean-Pol RADU 13.1. Introduction 361 13.2. Ideal pollutant transport in an ideal continuous medium 362 13.3. Pollutant retention phenomena 366 13.4. Balance equations 369 13.5. Numerical modeling of transport by advection 371 13.6. Finite elements modeling of the problem with advection and diffusion 372 13.7. Examples and applications 380 13.8. Conclusions 388 13.9. Acknowledgments 388 13.10. Bibliography 389 13.11. Notations table 390 Chapter 14. Retention and Transfer of Pollution by Hydrocarbons: Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling 393 Bernhard SCHREFLER and Pierre DELAGE 14.1. Introduction 393 14.2. Mechanisms 393 14.3. Numerical modeling 398 14.4. Conclusion 415 14.5. Bibliography 416 Chapter 15. Methods of Soil Environmental Remediation 419 Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Michel WOJNAROWICZ and Mario MANASSERO 15.1. Introduction 419 15.2. Pollution control techniques 420 15.3. Active containment in situ 423 15.4. Passive treatment in situ 425 15.5. Active treatment in situ 429 15.6. Conclusions 453 15.7. Bibliography 454 Chapter 16. Liners for Waste Containment Facilities 459 Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Michel WOJNAROWICZ and Mario MANASSERO 16.1. Introduction 459 16.2. Types of lining systems and definition of basic components 462 16.3. Mass balance of the contaminants 464 16.4. Functions, performance and modeling 465 16.5. Environmental impact evaluation (risk analysis) 466 16.6. Bottom barriers 469 16.7. Equivalence of liner systems 481 16.8. Composite liners 491 16.9. Conclusions 501 16.10. Bibliography 502 List of Authors 509 Index 513