Essential oils This exciting new volume, written and edited by some of the world’s foremost experts in the field, provides up-to-date information about the chemical structure of essential oils, as well as their therapeutic and biological actions. It defines their functional uses while evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of their application in various sectors. Essential oils have been used by global communities for centuries, for different purposes such as medicinal, flavoring, preservatives, perfumery, aromatherapy, dentistry, cosmetics, insecticide, fungicide, and bactericide, among others. Essential oils are natural and biodegradable substances, usually non-toxic or with low toxicity to humans. Essential oils are botanical products that have volatile nature, known for their special odor, and found to be effective in the treatment of oxidative stress, cancer, epilepsy, skin allergies, indigestion, headache, insomnia, muscular pain, respiratory problems, etc. Essential oils principally enhance resistance to abiotic stress and protection against aquatic herbivores. They possess antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. Essential oils are known to be volatile and susceptible to degradation from various ambient conditions, including temperature, air, light, and humidity, which limits their applications. Encapsulation is a proven technique that can protect essential oils and enable their use in various applications. This book aims to provide current knowledge on the chemical structure, therapeutic, and biological activities of essential oils, as well as to describe their functional uses and assess the benefits and drawbacks of their usage in various fields. By exploring the latest research on essential oils and their encapsulation, this book offers valuable insights and practical guidance for anyone interested in the science and application of these fascinating compounds.

Table of Contents:
Preface xxvii 1 A Methodological Approach of Plant Essential Oils and their Isolated Bioactive Components for Antiviral Activities 1 Kunal Sharma, Vivek Mishra, Kumar Rakesh Ranjan, Nisha Yadav and Mansi Sharma 2 Essential Oils Used to Inhibit Bacterial Growth in Food 31 Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Sabrina Baleixo da Silva, Adilson Ferreira Filho, Andrea Komesu, Johnatt Allan Rocha de Oliveira and Debora Kono Taketa Moreira 3 Industrial Application of Essential Oils 49 S. Kiruthika and S. Vishali 4 Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on the Production and Composition of Essential Oils 69 Sandra Gonçalves, Inês Mansinhos and Anabela Romano 5 Investigation of Antiviral Effects of Essential Oils 99 Ahmad Mustafa, Dina H. El-Kashef, Miada F. Abdelwahab, Alshymaa Abdel-Rahman Gomaa, Muhamad Mustafa, Nada M. Abdel-Wahab and Alyaa H. Ibrahim 6 Mentha sp. Essential Oil and Its Applicability in Brazil 125 Daniele de Araujo Moysés, Hanna Patricia dos Santos Martins, Margoula Soares Ribeiro, Natasha Costa da Rocha Galucio, Raquel Ribeiro de Souza, Regianne Maciel dos Santos Correa, José de Arimateia Rodrigues do Rego, Maria Fani Dolabela and Valdicley Vieira Vale 7 Microbial Influence on Plants for Enhanced Production of Active Secondary Metabolites 157 Naushin Bano, Mohammad Amir, S. Nabilah Jawed and Roohi 8 Valorization of Limonene Over Acid Solid Catalysts 173 José E. Castanheiro 9 Elucidating the Role of Essential Oils in Pharmaceutical and Industrial Applications 185 Sundaresan Bhavaniramya, Selvaraju Vishnupriya, Kumanan Vijayarani and Ramar Vanajothi 10 Uses of Essential Oils in Different Sectors 207 Sumeyra Gurkok and Selma Sezen 11 Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities of Essential Oils 229 V. Chandrakala, Valmiki Aruna, Gangadhara Angajala and Pulikanti Guruprasad Reddy  12 Augmented Stability and Efficacy of Essential Oils Through Encapsulation Approach 269 Poonam Parashar and Kamla Pathak 13 Antimicrobial Effect of Essential Oils for Food Application 291 Larissa Morais Ribeiro da Silva, Jorge Alberto Sanchos-Burgos, Eveline de Alencar Costa, Maria Jaiana Gomes Ferreira, Cicero C. Pola, Carmen Luiza Gomes and Celli Rodrigues Muniz  14 Antioxidant or Antimicrobial Nature of Essential Oils to Minimize Food Waste 315 Dipak Subhash Sali, Vishal Gokul Beldar, Alok Kumar Panda and Manojkumar Jadhao 15 Application of Essential Oils to Biofilms 339 Sumeyra Gurkok and Selma Sezen 16 Biological Applications of Essential Oil 361 D. Jini 17 Current Status and Advancement of Biopesticides from Essential Oil for Agriculture, Food Storage, and Household Applications 381 Masrina Mohd Nadzir, Salfarina Ramli, Farhana Nazira Idris and Faiznur Mohd Fuad 18 Essential Oil Used as Larvicides and Ovicides 427 Gurleen Kaur, Rajinder Kaur and Sukhminderjit Kaur 19 Essential Oil-Based Biopesticides 443 Nishant Sharma, Kunal Sharma, Sachchidanand Soaham Gupta, Kumar Rakesh Ranjan, Vivek Mishra and Maumita Das Mukherjee 20 Essential Oils Obtained from Algae: Biodiversity and Ecological Importance 465 Deprá, M. C., Dias, R. R., Nascimento, T. C., Silva, P. A., Zepka, L. Q. and Jacob-Lopes, E. 21 Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC‐O) of Essential Oils and Volatile Extracts 477 Eduardo Dellacassa and Manuel A. Minteguiaga 22 In Vitro and In Vivo Methods Used to Assess the Biological Potential of Essential Oils 501 Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Sadaf Ul Hassan, Tauqir A. Sherazi, Amjad Hussain, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani and Tanvir Hussain 23 Biological Potential of Essential Oils: Evaluation Strategies 521 Santanu Chakraborty, Manami Dhibar, Aliviya Das, Kalpana Swain and Satyanarayan Pattnaik 24 Algal Essential Oils and Their Importance in the Ecosystem 551 S.Z.Z. Cobongela 25 Classical Methods for Obtaining Essential Oils 565 Syed Raza Ali Naqvi, Hiba Shahid, Ameer Fawad Zahoor, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Usman, Ali Abbas, Mamoon Ur Rasheed and Tanvir Hussain 26 A Comprehensive Guide to Essential Oil Determination Methods 583 Payel Dhar, Urbashi Neog, Biplab Roy, Nishithendu Bikash Nandi, Sankar Chandra Deka and Pinku Chandra Nath  27 Encapsulation of Essential Oils 603 Ádina L. Santana and M. Angela A. Meireles  28 Encapsulated Essential Oils: Main Techniques to Increase Shelf-Life 619 Fernanda Wariss Figueiredo Bezerra, Lucas Cantão Freitas, Vânia Maria Borges Cunha, Giselle Cristine Melo Aires, Rafael Henrique Holanda Pinto and Raul Nunes de Carvalho Junior 29 Encapsulation Technologies of Essential Oils for Various Industrial Applications 635 Tuyen C. Kha and Phuong H. Le 30 Extraction of Essential Oils with Supercritical Fluid 671 Ádina L. Santana and M. Angela A. Meireles 31 Advantages of Essential Oil Extraction Using Supercritical Fluid: Process Optimization and Effect of Different Processing Parameters on Extraction Efficiency 685 Shaziya Manzoor, Rubiya Rashid, Mudasir Ahmad, F.A. Masoodi, Pir Mohammad Junaid and Sadaf Parvez 32 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Essential Oils from Natural Sources: Mathematical Modeling and Applications 707 Carina Contini Triques, Edson Antônio da Silva, Kátia Andressa Santos, Elissandro Jair Klein, Veronice Slusarski-Santana, Márcia Regina Fagundes-Klen and Mônica Lady Fiorese 33 Fundamentals, Mathematical Models, and Extraction Processes with Supercritical Fluids 741 Facundo Mattea, Nicolás Gañán and Marcelo Ricardo Romero 33.1 Introduction: Background 741 34 Supercritical CO2 Extraction as a Clean Technology Tool for Isolation of Essential Oils 767 T. P. Krishna Murthy, R. Hari Krishna, M. N. Chandra Prabha, Priyadarshini Dey, Blessy Baby Mathew and C. Manjunatha 35 Classical Techniques for Extracting Essential Oils from Plants 795 Yogesh Murti, Sonia Singh and Kamla Pathak  36 Acquisition of Essential Oils Through Traditional Techniques 859 Lucas Cantão Freitas, Vinicius Sidonio Vale Moraes, Sabrina Baleixo da Silva and Raul Nunes de Carvalho Junior 37 Essential Oils: Chemical Composition and Methods of Extraction 871 Arshi Gupta, Kumar Rakesh Ranjan, Nisha Yadav, Deeksha and Vivek Mishra  38 Dental Applications of Essential Oils 891 Aarati Panchbhai 39 Essential Oil-Based Therapies 903 Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Vaneeza Javed, Naseem Abbas, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Sadaf Ul Hassan, Muhammad Rizwan Javed and Mazhar Hussain 40 Clinical Applications of Essential Oils 933 Laxmi Tripathi, Praveen Kumar, Kalpana Swain and Satyanarayan Pattnaik 41 Therapeutic Role of Essential Oils 953 S. Vishali, E. Kavitha and S. Selvalakshmi  42 Plant Essential Oils and Their Constituents for Therapeutic Benefits 977 Monika Rani, Simran Jindal, Ritesh Anand, Niharika Sharma, Kumar Rakesh Ranjan, Maumita Das Mukherjee and Vivek Mishra 43 Essential Oils Used in Packaging: Perspectives and Limitations 1009 Khadija El Bourakadi, Abou El Kacem Qaiss and Rachid Bouhfid Index 1025