A concise and clear treatment of the fundamentals of fluidization, with a view to its applications in the process and energy industries.

Table of Contents:
Preface xix Acknowledgement xxi 1 Introduction, History, and Applications 1 John R. Grace 1.1 Definition and Origins 1 1.2 Terminology 2 1.3 Applications 3 1.4 Other Reasons for Studying Fluidized Beds 4 1.5 Sources of Information on Fluidization 8 References 8 Problems 9 2 Properties, Minimum Fluidization, and Geldart Groups 11 John R. Grace 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Fluid Properties 11 2.3 Individual Particle Properties 12 2.4 Bulk Particle Properties 16 2.5 Minimum Fluidization Velocity 18 2.6 Geldart Powder Classification for Gas Fluidization 24 2.7 Voidage at Minimum Fluidization 27 Solved Problem 28 Notations 28 References 29 Problems 31 3 Liquid Fluidization 33 Renzo Di Felice and Alberto Di Renzo 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Field of Existence 33 3.3 Overall Behaviour 35 3.4 Superficial Velocity–Voidage Relationship 37 3.5 Particle Segregation and Mixing 40 3.6 Layer Inversion Phenomena 41 3.7 Heat and Mass Transfer 46 3.8 Distributor Design 48 Solved Problems 48 Notations 51 References 52 Problems 53 4 Gas Fluidization Flow Regimes 55 Xiaotao Bi 4.1 Onset of Fluidization 55 4.2 Onset of Bubbling Fluidization 55 4.3 Onset of Slugging Fluidization 57 4.4 Onset of Turbulent Fluidization 58 4.5 Termination of Turbulent Fluidization 62 4.6 Fast Fluidization and Circulating Fluidized Bed 62 4.7 Flow Regime Diagram for Gas–Solid Fluidized Beds 64 4.8 Generalized Flow Diagram for Gas–Solid Vertical Transport 65 4.9 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Flow Regime Transitions 68 Solved Problems 70 Notations 71 References 72 Problems 74 5 Experimental Investigation of Fluidized Bed Systems 75 Naoko Ellis 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 Configuration and Design 76 5.3 Fluidizability and Quality of Fluidization 84 5.4 Instrumentation and Measurements 87 5.5 Operation of Fluidized Beds 93 5.6 Data Analysis 95 Solved Problem 98 Notations 98 References 100 Problems 104 6 Computational Fluid Dynamics and Its Application to Fluidization 109 Tingwen Li and Yupeng Xu 6.1 Two-Fluid Model 110 6.2 Discrete Particle Method 115 6.3 Gas–Solid Interaction 119 6.4 Boundary Conditions 122 6.5 Example and Discussion 123 6.6 Conclusion and Perspective 126 Solved Problem 126 Notations 127 References 128 7 Hydrodynamics of Bubbling Fluidization 131 John R. Grace 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Why Bubbles Form 133 7.3 Analogy Between Bubbles in Fluidized Beds and Bubbles in Liquids 134 7.4 Hydrodynamic Properties of Individual Bubbles 135 7.5 Bubble Interactions and Coalescence 139 7.6 Freely Bubbling Beds 139 7.7 Other Factors Influencing Bubbles in Gas-Fluidized Beds 146 Solved Problem 147 Notations 147 References 148 Problems 152 8 Slug Flow 153 John R. Grace 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Types of Slug Flow 153 8.3 Analogy Between Slugs in Fluidized Beds and Slugs in Liquids 155 8.4 Experimental Identification of the Slug Flow Regime 155 8.5 Transition to Slug Flow 156 8.6 Properties of Single Slugs 156 8.7 Hydrodynamics of Continuous Slug Flow 158 8.8 Mixing of Solids and Gas in Slugging Beds 159 8.9 Slugging Beds as Chemical Reactors 160 Solved Problem 160 Notations 161 References 161 9 Turbulent Fluidization 163 Xiaotao Bi 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Flow Structure 165 9.3 Gas and Solids Mixing 168 9.4 Effect of Column Diameter 172 9.5 Effect of Fines Content 173 Solved Problem 173 Notations 175 References 176 Problems 180 10 Entrainment from Bubbling and Turbulent Beds 181 Farzam Fotovat 10.1 Introduction 181 10.2 Definitions 182 10.3 Ejection of Particles into the Freeboard 184 10.4 Entrainment Beyond the Transport Disengagement Height 185 10.5 Entrainment from Turbulent Fluidized Beds 190 10.6 Parameters Affecting Entrainment of Solid Particles from Fluidized Beds 191 10.7 Possible Means of Reducing Entrainment 195 Solved Problem 195 Notations 196 References 197 Problems 201 11 Standpipes and Return Systems, Separation Devices, and Feeders 203 Ted M. Knowlton and Surya B. Reddy Karri 11.1 Standpipes and Solids Return Systems 203 11.2 Standpipes in Recirculating Solids Systems 212 11.3 Standpipes Used with Nonmechanical Solids Flow Devices 216 11.4 Solids Separation Devices 222 11.5 Solids Flow Control Devices/Feeders 230 Solved Problem 232 Notations 233 References 235 Problems 237 12 Circulating Fluidized Beds 239 Chengxiu Wang and Jesse Zhu 12.1 Introduction 239 12.2 Basic Parameters 241 12.3 Axial Profiles of Solids Holdup/Voidage 243 12.4 Radial Profiles of Solids Distribution 246 12.5 The Circulating Turbulent Fluidized Bed 249 12.6 Micro-flow Structure 250 12.7 Gas and Solids Mixing 256 12.8 Reactor Performance of Circulating Fluidized Beds 258 12.9 Effect of Reactor Diameter on CFB Hydrodynamics 261 Notations 262 References 263 Problems 268 13 Operating Challenges 269 Poupak Mehrani and Andrew Sowinski 13.1 Electrostatics 269 13.2 Agglomeration 273 13.3 Attrition 274 13.4 Wear 278 Solved Problems 280 Notations 286 References 287 Problem 290 14 Heat and Mass Transfer 291 Dening Eric Jia 14.1 Heat Transfer in Fluidized Beds 291 14.2 Mass Transfer in Fluidized Beds 318 Solved Problem 320 Notations 323 References 325 Problem 329 15 Catalytic Fluidized Bed Reactors 333 Andrés Mahecha-Botero 15.1 Introduction 333 15.2 Reactor Design Considerations 334 15.3 Reactor Modelling 334 15.4 Fluidized Bed Catalytic Reactor Models 342 15.5 Conclusions 356 Notations 357 References 358 Problems 361 16 Fluidized Beds for Gas–Solid Reactions 363 Jaber Shabanian and Jamal Chaouki 16.1 Introduction 363 16.2 Gas–Solid Reactions for a Single Particle 364 16.3 Reactions of Solid Particles Alone 377 16.4 Conversion of Particles Bathed by Uniform Gas Composition in a Dense Gas–Solid Fluidized Bed 378 16.5 Conversion of Both Solids and Gas 381 16.6 Thermal Conversion of Solid Fuels in Fluidized Bed Reactors 386 16.7 Final Remarks 390 Solved Problems 391 Acknowledgments 398 Notations 398 References 401 Problems 403 17 Scale-Up of Fluidized Beds 405 Naoko Ellis and Andrés Mahecha-Botero 17.1 Challenges of Scale 405 17.2 Historical Lessons 407 17.3 Influence of Scale on Hydrodynamics 408 17.4 Approaches to Scale-Up 412 17.5 Practical Considerations 415 17.6 Scale-Up and Industrial Considerations of Fluidized Bed Catalytic Reactors 419 Solved Problems 424 Notations 426 References 426 Problems 429 18 Baffles and Aids to Fluidization 431 Yongmin Zhang 18.1 Industrial Motivation 431 18.2 Baffles in Fluidized Beds 432 18.3 Other Aids to Fluidization 449 18.4 Final Remarks 452 Notations 452 References 452 Problem 455 19 Jets in Fluidized Beds 457 Cedric Briens and Jennifer McMillan 19.1 Introduction 457 19.2 Jets at Gas Distributors 457 19.3 Mass Transfer, Heat Transfer, and Reaction in Distributor Jets 467 19.4 Particle Attrition and Tribocharging at Distributor Holes 467 19.5 Jets Formed in Fluidized Bed Grinding 469 19.6 Applications 471 19.7 Jet Penetration 471 19.8 Solids Entrainment into Jets 471 19.9 Nozzle Design 472 19.10 Jet-Target Attrition 473 19.11 Jets Formed When Solids Are Fed into a Fluidized Bed 475 19.12 Jets Formed When Liquid Is Sprayed into a Gas-Fluidized Bed 477 19.13 Jet Penetration 478 Solved Problems 483 Notations 487 References 488 Problem 497 20 Downer Reactors 499 Changning Wu and Yi Cheng 20.1 Downer Reactor: Conception and Characteristics 499 20.2 Hydrodynamics, Mixing, and Heat Transfer of Gas–Solid Flow in Downers 501 20.3 Modelling of Hydrodynamics and Reacting Flows in Downers 508 20.4 Design and Applications of Downer Reactors 514 20.5 Conclusions and Outlook 523 Solved Problem 523 Notations 525 References 526 Problems 528 21 Spouted (and Spout-Fluid) Beds 531 Norman Epstein 21.1 Introduction 531 21.2 Hydrodynamics 532 21.3 Heat and Mass Transfer 538 21.4 Chemical Reaction 538 21.5 Spouting vs. Fluidization 539 21.6 Spout-Fluid Beds 540 21.7 Non-conventional Spouted Beds 543 21.8 Applications 546 21.9 Multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics 547 Solved Problem 547 Notations 548 References 549 22 Three-Phase (Gas–Liquid–Solid) Fluidization 553 Dominic Pjontek, Adam Donaldson, and Arturo Macchi 22.1 Introduction 553 22.2 Reactor Design and Scale-up 556 22.3 Compartmental Flow Models 558 22.4 Fluid Dynamics in Three-Phase Fluidized Beds 562 22.5 Phase Mixing, Mass Transfer, and Heat Transfer 569 22.6 Summary 574 Solved Problems 574 Notations 582 References 585 Problems 587 Index 591