This book is appropriate for any standalone “computers and society” or “computer ethics” course offered by a computer science, business, or philosophy department, as well as special "modules" in any advanced CS course. In an era where information technology changes constantly, a thoughtful response to these rapid changes requires a basic understanding of IT history, an awareness of current issues, and a familiarity with ethics. Ethics for the Information Age is unique in its balanced coverage of ethical theories used to analyze problems encountered by computer professionals in today’s environment. By presenting provocative issues such as social networking, government surveillance, and intellectual property from all points of view, this market-leading text challenges students to think critically and draw their own conclusions, which ultimately prepares them to become responsible, ethical users of future technologies.

Table of Contents:
Preface xix 1 Catalysts for Change 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Milestones in Computing 6 1.2.1 Aids to Manual Calculating 6 1.2.2 Mechanical Calculators 8 1.2.3 Cash Register 11 1.2.4 Punched Card Tabulation 12 1.2.5 Precursors of Commercial Computers 14 1.2.6 First Commercial Computers 16 1.2.7 Programming Languages and Time-Sharing 18 1.2.8 Transistor and Integrated Circuit 20 1.2.9 IBM System/360 21 1.2.10 Microprocessor 22 1.2.11 Personal Computer 24 1.3 Milestones in Networking 28 1.3.1 Electricity and Electromagnetism 29 1.3.2 Telegraph 30 1.3.3 Telephone 31 1.3.4 Typewriter and Teletype 33 1.3.5 Radio 34 1.3.6 Television 36 1.3.7 Remote Computing 37 1.3.8 ARPANET 38 1.3.9 Email 40 1.3.10 Internet 40 1.3.11 NSFNET 40 1.3.12 Broadband 41 1.4 Milestones in Information Storage and Retrieval 42 1.4.1 Codex 42 1.4.2 Gutenberg's Printing Press 43 1.4.3 Newspapers 43 1.4.4 Hypertext 44 1.4.5 Graphical User Interface 45 1.4.6 Single-Computer Hypertext Systems 47 1.4.7 Networked Hypertext: World Wide Web 48 1.4.8 Search Engines 49 1.5 Information Technology Issues 50 Summary 53 Review Questions 56 Discussion Questions 57 In-Class Exercises 58 Further Reading 58 References 59 An Interview with Dalton Conley 63 2 Introduction to Ethics 65 2.1 Introduction 65 2.1.1 Dening Terms 67 2.1.2 Four Scenarios 69 2.1.3 Overview of Ethical Theories 73 2.2 Subjective Relativism 74 2.2.1 The Case for Subjective Relativism 75 2.2.2 The Case against Subjective Relativism 75 2.3 Cultural Relativism 77 2.3.1 The Case for Cultural Relativism 78 2.3.2 The Case against Cultural Relativism 79 2.4 Divine Command Theory 82 2.4.1 The Case for the Divine Command Theory 84 2.4.2 The Case against the Divine Command Theory 84 2.5 Ethical Egoism 86 2.5.1 The Case for Ethical Egoism 87 2.5.2 The Case against Ethical Egoism 88 2.6 Kantianism 90 2.6.1 Good Will and the Categorical Imperative 90 2.6.2 Evaluating a Scenario Using Kantianism 93 2.6.3 The Case for Kantianism 95 2.6.4 The Case against Kantianism 95 2.7 Act Utilitarianism 97 2.7.1 Principle of Utility 97 2.7.2 Evaluating a Scenario Using Act Utilitarianism 99 2.7.3 The Case for Act Utilitarianism 101 2.7.4 The Case against Act Utilitarianism 101 2.8 Rule Utilitarianism 104 2.8.1 Basis of Rule Utilitarianism 104 2.8.2 Evaluating a Scenario Using Rule Utilitarianism 105 2.8.3 The Case for Rule Utilitarianism 106 2.8.4 The Case against Utilitarianism in General 108 2.9 Social Contract Theory 109 2.9.1 The Social Contract 109 2.9.2 Rawls's Theory of Justice 112 2.9.3 Evaluating a Scenario Using Social Contract Theory 114 2.9.4 The Case for Social Contract Theory 116 2.9.5 The Case against Social Contract Theory 118 2.10 Comparing Workable Ethical Theories 120 2.11 Morality of Breaking the Law 121 2.11.1 Social Contract Theory Perspective 122 2.11.2 Kantian Perspective 123 2.11.3 Rule Utilitarian Perspective 124 2.11.4 Act Utilitarian Perspective 124 2.11.5 Conclusion 125 Summary 125 Review Questions 129 Discussion Questions 130 In-Class Exercises 131 Further Reading 131 References 132 An Interview with James Moor 135 3 Networked Communications 139 3.1 Introduction 139 3.2 Email and Spam 142 3.2.1 How Email Works 142 3.2.2 The Spam Epidemic 142 3.2.3 Need for Social-Technical Solutions 146 3.2.4 Case Study: Ann the Acme Accountant 146 3.3 The World Wide Web 149 3.3.1 Attributes of the Web 149 3.3.2 How We Use the Web 150 3.3.3 Twitter 154 3.3.4 Too Much Governmental Control or Too Little? 155 3.4 Censorship 158 3.4.1 Direct Censorship 159 3.4.2 Self-Censorship 159 3.4.3 Challenges Posed by the Internet 160 3.4.4 Ethical Perspectives on Censorship 161 3.5 Freedom of Expression 163 3.5.1 History 163 3.5.2 Freedom of Expression Not an Absolute Right 165 3.5.3 FCC v. Pacica Foundation et al. 165 3.5.4 Case Study: Kate's Blog 167 3.6 Children and Inappropriate Content 170 3.6.1 Web Filters 170 3.6.2 Child Internet Protection Act 171 3.6.3 Ethical Evaluations of CIPA 172 3.6.4 Sexting 175 3.7 Breaking Trust on the Internet 177 3.7.1 Identity Theft 177 3.7.2 Chat-Room Predators 179 3.7.3 Ethical Evaluations of Police \Sting" Operations 181 3.7.4 False Information 183 3.7.5 Cyberbullying 184 3.8 Internet Addiction 187 3.8.1 Is Internet Addiction Real? 187 3.8.2 Contributing Factors 190 3.8.3 Ethical Evaluation of Internet Addiction 190 Summary 192 Review Questions 194 Discussion Questions 195 In-Class Exercises 197 Further Reading 199 References 199 An Interview with Michael Liebhold 205 4 Intellectual Property 207 4.1 Introduction 207 4.2 Intellectual Property Rights 209 4.2.1 What Is Intellectual Property? 209 4.2.2 Property Rights 210 4.2.3 Extending the Argument to Intellectual Property 211 4.2.4 Benefits of Intellectual Property Protection 214 4.2.5 Limits to Intellectual Property Protection 215 4.3 Protecting Intellectual Property 217 4.3.1 Trade Secrets 217 4.3.2 Trademarks and Service Marks 219 4.3.3 Patents 220 4.3.4 Copyrights 221 4.4 Fair Use 227 4.4.1 Sony v. Universal City Studios 229 4.4.2 Digital Recording Technology 230 4.4.3 Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 232 4.4.4 RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia Systems Inc. 232 4.4.5 Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation 233 4.4.6 Google Books 234 4.5 New Restrictions on Use 236 4.5.1 Digital Millennium Copyright Act 237 4.5.2 Digital Rights Management 238 4.5.3 Secure Digital Music Initiative 238 4.5.4 Sony BMG Music Entertainment Rootkit 239 4.5.5 Encrypting DVDs 240 4.5.6 Foiling HD-DVD Encryption 241 4.5.7 Criticisms of Digital Rights Management 242 4.5.8 Online Music Stores Drop Digital Rights Management 243 4.6 Peer-to-Peer Networks 244 4.6.1 Napster 244 4.6.2 FastTrack 245 4.6.3 BitTorrent 245 4.6.4 RIAA Lawsuits 247 4.6.5 MGM v. Grokster 249 4.6.6 Legal Action Against The Pirate Bay 251 4.6.7 Legal Music Services on the Internet 252 4.7 Protections for Software 253 4.7.1 Software Copyrights 253 4.7.2 Violations of Software Copyrights 254 4.7.3 Software Patents 255 4.7.4 Safe Software Development 257 4.8 Open-Source Software 258 4.8.1 Consequences of Proprietary Software 259 4.8.2 \Open Source" Definition 260 4.8.3 Beneficial Consequences of Open-Source Software 261 4.8.4 Examples of Open-Source Software 262 4.8.5 The GNU Project and Linux 263 4.8.6 Impact of Open-Source Software 264 4.8.7 Critique of the Open-Source Software Movement 265 4.9 Legitimacy of Intellectual Property Protection for Software 266 4.9.1 Rights-Based Analysis 267 4.9.2 Utilitarian Analysis 268 4.9.3 Conclusion 270 4.10 Creative Commons 270 Summary 274 Review Questions 278 Discussion Questions 279 In-Class Exercises 280 Further Reading 280 References 281 An Interview with New Interviewee 1 287 5 Information Privacy 289 5.1 Introduction 289 5.2 Perspectives on Privacy 291 5.2.1 Defining Privacy 291 5.2.2 Harms and Benefits of Privacy 292 5.2.3 Is There a Natural Right to Privacy? 296 5.2.4 Privacy and Trust 300 5.2.5 Case Study 302 5.3 Information Disclosures 304 5.3.1 Facebook Tags 306 5.3.2 Enhanced 911 Services 307 5.3.3 Rewards or Loyalty Programs 307 5.3.4 Body Scanners 308 5.3.5 RFID Tags 309 5.3.6 Implanted Chips 311 5.3.7 OnStar 311 5.3.8 Automobile \Black Boxes" 312 5.3.9 Medical Records 312 5.3.10 Digital Video Recorders 313 5.3.11 Cookies and Flash Cookies 313 5.4 Data Mining 314 5.4.1 Data Mining Defined 314 5.4.2 Opt-in Versus Opt-out Policies 316 5.4.3 Examples of Data Mining 318 5.4.4 Organizations Push the Boundaries 320 5.4.5 Social Network Analysis 322 Summary 323 Review Questions 325 Discussion Questions 326 In-class Exercises 328 Further Reading and Viewing 328 References 329 An Interview with New Interviewee 2 333 6 Privacy and the Government 335 6.1 Introduction 335 6.2 U.S. Legislation Restricting Information Collection 337 6.2.1 Employee Polygraph Protection Act 338 6.2.2 Children's Online Privacy Protection Act 338 6.2.3 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 338 6.3 Information Collection by the Government 339 6.3.1 Census Records 339 6.3.2 Internal Revenue Service Records 341 6.3.3 FBI National Crime Information Center 2000 341 6.3.4 OneDOJ Database 343 6.3.5 Closed-circuit Television Cameras 344 6.4 Covert Government Surveillance 345 6.4.1 Wiretaps and Bugs 346 6.4.2 Operation Shamrock 349 6.4.3 Carnivore Surveillance System 351 6.4.4 Covert Activities after 9/11 351 6.5 U.S. Legislation Authorizing Wiretapping 353 6.5.1 Title III 353 6.5.2 Electronic Communications Privacy Act 354 6.5.3 Stored Communications Act 354 6.5.4 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act 355 6.6 USA PATRIOT Act 356 6.6.1 Provisions of the Patriot Act 356 6.6.2 National Security Letters 358 6.6.3 Responses to the Patriot Act 359 6.6.4 Successes and Failures 361 6.6.5 Patriot Act Renewal 363 6.7 Regulation of Public and Private Databases 363 6.7.1 Code of Fair Information Practices 363 6.7.2 Privacy Act of 1974 365 6.7.3 Fair Credit Reporting Act 366 6.7.4 Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act 367 6.7.5 Financial Services Modernization Act 367 6.8 Data Mining by the Government 367 6.8.1 Internal Revenue Service Audits 368 6.8.2 Syndromic Surveillance Systems 368 6.8.3 Telecommunications Records Database 369 6.9 National Identification Card 369 6.9.1 History and Role of the Social Security Number 369 6.9.2 Debate over a National ID Card 371 6.9.3 The REAL ID Act 373 6.10 Information Dissemination 375 6.10.1 Legislation to Restrict Information Dissemination 375 6.10.2 Examples of Information Dissemination 376 6.11 Invasion 378 6.11.1 Government Actions to Prevent Invasion 378 6.11.2 Invasive Government Actions 379 Summary 381 Review Questions 383 Discussion Questions 384 In-class Exercises 385 Further Reading and Viewing 385 References 386 An Interview with Jerry Berman 391 7 Computer and Network Security 395 7.1 Introduction 395 7.2 Hacking 396 7.2.1 Hackers, Past and Present 396 7.2.2 Penalties for Hacking 397 7.2.3 Selected Hacking Incidents 398 7.2.4 Case Study: Firesheep 399 7.3 Malware 402 7.3.1 Viruses and Worms 402 7.3.2 The Internet Worm 406 7.3.3 Other Notable Worms 410 7.3.4 Cross-site Scripting 412 7.3.5 Drive-by Downloads 412 7.3.6 Trojan Horses and Backdoor Trojans 412 7.3.7 Rootkits 413 7.3.8 Spyware and Adware 413 7.3.9 Bots and Botnets 414 7.3.10 Defensive Measures 414 7.4 Cyber Crime and Cyber Attacks 415 7.4.1 Types of Attack 416 7.4.2 Cyber Crime 417 7.4.3 Politically Motivated Cyber Attacks 419 7.5 Online Voting 424 7.5.1 Motivation for Online Voting 424 7.5.2 Proposals 425 7.5.3 Ethical Evaluation 426 Summary 430 Review Questions 431 Discussion Questions 432 In-Class Exercises 433 Further Reading 434 References 434 An Interview with Matt Bishop 439 8 Computer Reliability 443 8.1 Introduction 443 8.2 Data-Entry or Data-Retrieval Errors 445 8.2.1 Disfranchised Voters 445 8.2.2 False Arrests 445 8.2.3 Analysis: Accuracy of NCIC Records 446 8.3 Software and Billing Errors 447 8.3.1 Errors Leading to System Malfunctions 447 8.3.2 Errors Leading to System Failures 448 8.3.3 Analysis: E-Retailer Posts Wrong Price, Refuses to Deliver 450 8.4 Notable Software System Failures 452 8.4.1 Patriot Missile 453 8.4.2 Ariane 5 454 8.4.3 AT&T Long-Distance Network 455 8.4.4 Robot Missions to Mars 457 8.4.5 Denver International Airport 458 8.4.6 Tokyo Stock Exchange 460 8.4.7 Direct Recording Electronic Voting Machines 461 8.5 Therac-25 465 8.5.1 Genesis of the Therac-25 466 8.5.2 Chronology of Accidents and AECL Responses 467 8.5.3 Software Errors 470 8.5.4 Postmortem 473 8.5.5 Moral Responsibility of the Therac-25 Team 474 8.5.6 Postscript 475 8.6 Computer Simulations 475 8.6.1 Uses of Simulation 475 8.6.2 Validating Simulations 477 8.7 Software Engineering 479 8.7.1 Specification 480 8.7.2 Development 480 8.7.3 Validation 482 8.7.4 Software Quality Is Improving 483 8.8 Software Warranties 484 8.8.1 Shrinkwrap Warranties 484 8.8.2 Are Software Warranties Enforceable? 486 8.8.3 Moral Responsibility of Software Manufacturers 489 Summary 491 Review Questions 494 Discussion Questions 495 In-class Exercises 496 Further Reading/Viewing 497 References 498 An Interview with Avi Rubin 501 9 Professional Ethics 503 9.1 Introduction 503 9.2 Are Computer Experts Professionals? 504 9.2.1 Characteristics of a Profession 504 9.2.2 Certified Public Accountants 506 9.2.3 Computer-Related Careers 507 9.3 Software Engineering Code of Ethics 509 9.3.1 Preamble 509 9.3.2 Principles 511 9.4 Analysis of the Code 520 9.4.1 Preamble 520 9.4.2 Virtue Ethics 521 9.4.3 Alternative List of Fundamental Principles 524 9.5 Case Studies 526 9.5.1 Software Recommendation 527 9.5.2 Child Pornography 529 9.5.3 Anti-Worm 530 9.5.4 Consulting Opportunity 533 9.6 Whistleblowing 536 9.6.1 Morton Thiokol/NASA 537 9.6.2 Hughes Aircraft 539 9.6.3 U.S. Legislation Related to Whistleblowing 541 9.6.4 Morality of Whistleblowing 542 Summary 548 Review Questions 550 Discussion Questions 551 In-class Exercises 552 Further Reading 553 References 554 An Interview with Paul Axtell 557 10 Work and Wealth 561 10.1 Introduction 561 10.2 Automation and Unemployment 563 10.2.1 Automation and Job Destruction 563 10.2.2 Automation and Job Creation 566 10.2.3 E ects of Increase in Productivity 567 10.2.4 Rise of the Robots? 569 10.3 Workplace Changes 574 10.3.1 Organizational Changes 574 10.3.2 Telework 576 10.3.3 Temporary Work 579 10.3.4 Monitoring 579 10.3.5 Multinational Teams 581 10.4 Globalization 582 10.4.1 Arguments for Globalization 582 10.4.2 Arguments against Globalization 584 10.4.3 Dot-Com Bust Increases IT Sector Unemployment 585 10.4.4 Foreign Workers in the American IT Industry 585 10.4.5 Foreign Competition 587 10.5 The Digital Divide 589 10.5.1 Evidence of the Digital Divide 589 10.5.2 Models of Technological Di usion 591 10.5.3 Critiques of the Digital Divide 593 10.5.4 Net Neutrality 595 10.6 The \Winner-Take-All Society" 596 10.6.1 The Winner-Take-All Phenomenon 596 10.6.2 Harmful E ects of Winner-Take-All 598 10.6.3 Reducing Winner-Take-All E ects 601 Summary 601 Review Questions 604 Discussion Questions 604 In-class Exercises 605 Further Reading 607 References 607 An Interview with New Interviewee 3 611 Appendix A: Plagiarism 613 Consequences of Plagiarism 613 Types of Plagiarism 614 Guidelines for Citing Sources 614 How to Avoid Plagiarism 614 Misuse of Sources 615 Additional Information 615 References 615 Index 617