ALERT: Before you purchase, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, including customized versions for individual schools, and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a CourseID, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products.   Packages Access codes for Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products may not be included when purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson; check with the seller before completing your purchase.   Used or rental books If you rent or purchase a used book with an access code, the access code may have been redeemed previously and you may have to purchase a new access code.   Access codes Access codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code. Check with the seller prior to purchase.   --For courses in Evolutionary Psychology .     David Buss, one of the foremost researchers in the field, has thoroughly revised his already successful text with nearly 400 new references to provide an even more comprehensive overview of this dynamic field. Using cutting-edge research and an engaging writing style, the Fourth Edition of Evolutionary Psychology  ensures that your students will master the material presented.

Table of Contents:
I. FOUNDATIONS OF EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 1. Scientific Movements Leading to Evolutionary Psychology Landmarks in the History of Evolutionary Psychology               Evolution before Darwin             Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection             Darwin’s Theory of Sexual Selection             The Role of Natural and Sexual Selection in Evolutionary Theory             The Modern Synthesis: Genes and Particulate Inheritance             The Ethology Movement             The Inclusive Fitness Revolution             Clarifying Adaptation and Natural Selection             Trivers's Seminal Theories             The Sociobiology Controversy Common Misunderstandings About Evolutionary Theory             Misunderstanding 1. Human Behavior is Genetically Determined             Misunderstanding 2. If It's Evolutionary, Then We Can't Change It             Misunderstanding 3. Current Mechanisms are Optimally Designed Milestones in the Origins of Modern Humans             BOX 1.1 Out of Africa versus Multiregional Origins Landmarks in the Field of Psychology             Freud’s psychoanalytic theory             Williams James and the Psychology of Instincts             The Rise of Behaviorism             The Astonishing Discoveries of Cultural Variability             The Garcia effect, Prepared fears, and Decline of Behaviorism             Peering into the Black Box: The Cognitive Revolution Summary Suggested Readings 2. The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology The Origins of Human Nature             Three Theories of the Origins of Adaptive Mechanisms             The Three Products of Evolution             Levels of Evolutionary Analysis in Evolutionary Psychology The Core of Human Nature: Fundamentals of Evolved Psychological Mechanisms             All Species Have a Nature             Definition of an Evolved Psychological Mechanism             Important Properties of Evolved Psychological Mechanisms Methods for Testing Evolutionary Hypotheses             Comparing Different Species             Cross-cultural Methods             Physiological and Brain Imaging Methods             Genetic Methods             Comparing Males and Females             Comparing Individuals within a Species             Comparing the Same Individuals in Different Contexts             Experimental Methods Sources of Data for Testing Evolutionary Hypotheses             Archeological Records             Data From Hunter-Gatherer Societies             Observations             Self-Reports             Life-History Data and Public Records             Human Products             Transcending the Limitations of Single Data Sources Identifying the Adaptive Problems             Guidance of Modern Evolutionary Theory             Guidance from Knowledge of Universal Human Structures             Guidance from Traditional Societies             Guidance from the Paleoarcheology and Paleoanthropology             Guidance from Current Mechanisms             Guidance from Task Analysis             Organization of Adaptive Problems Summary Suggested Readings II. PROBLEMS OF SURVIVAL 3. Survival Problems and Solutions Food Acquisition and Selection             Social and Cultural Aspects of Food             Food Preferences             Disgust: The Disease Avoidance Hypothesis             Sickness in Pregnant Women: The Embryo Protection Hypothesis Fire and Cooking Why Humans Like Spices: the Antimicrobial Hypothesis Why Humans Like To Drink Alcohol: The Evolutionary Hangover?             The Hunting Hypothesis             The Gathering Hypothesis             Comparing the Hunting and Gathering Hypotheses             The Scavenging Hypothesis             Adaptations to Gathering and Hunting: Sex Differences in Specific Spatial Abilities Finding a Place to Live: Shelter and Landscape Preferences             The Savanna Hypothesis Combating Predators and Other Environmental Dangers: Fears, Phobias, Anxieties, and “Evolutionary Memories”             Most Common Human Fears             Children’s Anti-Predator Adaptations             BOX 3.1  Evolved Navigation Theory and the Descent Illusion             Combating Disease Are Humans Programmed to Die?             The Theory of Senescence             The Puzzle of Suicide             Homicide Summary Suggested Readings III. CHALLENGES OF SEX AND MATING 4. Women’s Long-Term Mating Strategies Theoretical Background for the Evolution of Mate Preferences             Parental Investment and Sexual Selection             Mate Preferences as Evolved Psychological Mechanisms The Content of Women’s Mate Preferences             Preference for Economic Resources             Preference for Good Financial Prospects             Preference for High Social Status             Preference for Older Men             Preference for Ambition and Industriousness             Preference for Dependability and Stability             Preference for Size and Strength             Preference for Good Health and Physical Appearance             Love and Commitment             Preference for Willingness to Invest in Children             Preference for Similarity             Additional Mate Preferences Context Effects of Women’s Preferences             Effects of Women’s Personal Resources on Mate Preferences             Effects of Temporal Context on Women’s Mate Preferences             The Mere Presence of Attractive Others: Mate Copying             Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Mate Preferences             Effects of Women’s Mate Value on Mate Preferences How Women’s Mate Preferences Affect Actual Mating Behavior             Women’s Responses to Men’s Personal Ads             Women’s Marriages to Men High in Occupational Status             Women’s Marriages to Men Who are Older             Effects of Women's Preferences on Men's Behavior             BOX 4.1  What About Lesbian Sexual Orientation? Summary Suggested Readings 5. Men's Long-Term Mating Strategies Theoretical Background for the Evolution of Men’s Mate Preferences             Why Men Might Benefit from Commitment and Marriage             The Problem of Assessing Women’s Fertility or Reproductive Value The Content of Men’s Mate Preferences             Preference for Youth             Evolved Standards of Beauty             Body Fat, Critical Waist-to-Hip Ratio, and Body Mass Index             Sex Differences in the Importance of Physical Appearance             Do Men Have a Preference for Ovulating Women?             Solutions to the Problem of Paternity Uncertainty Context Effects on Men’s Mating Behavior             BOX 5.2  Homosexual Orientation             Men in Positions of Power             Context Effects from Viewing Attractive Models             Testosterone and Men's Mating Strategies             The Necessities and Luxuries of Mate Preferences Effect of Men’s Mate Preferences Affect Actual Mating Behavior             Men's Responses to Women’s Personal Ads             Age Preferences and Marital Decisions             Effect of Men’s Mate Preferences on Women’s Competition Tactics             Effect on Men's Preferences on Attention, Vocalization, Tips, and Engagement Rings Summary Suggested Readings 6. Short-Term Sexual Strategies Theories of Men’s Short-Term Mating             Adaptive Benefits for Men of Short-Term Mating             Potential Costs of Short-Term Mating for Men             BOX 6.1 Functions Versus Beneficial Effects of Short-Term Mating             Adaptive Problems Men Must Solve When Pursuing Short-Term Mating Evidence for an Evolved Short-Term Mating Psychology             Physiological Evidence for Short-Term Mating             Psychological Evidence for Short-Term Mating             Behavioral Evidence for Short-Term Mating Women’s Short-Term Mating             Evidence for Women’s Short-Term Mating             Hypotheses About Adaptive Benefits to Women of Short-Term Mating             Costs for Women of Short-Term Mating             Empirical Tests of Hypothesized Benefits to Women Context Effects on Short-Term Mating             Individual Differences in Short-Term Mating             Other Contexts Likely to Affect Short-Term Mating Summary Suggested Readings IV. CHALLENGES OF PARENTING AND KINSHIP 7. Principles of Parenting Why Do Mothers Provide Parental Care More Than Fathers?             The Paternity Uncertainty Hypothesis             The Mating Opportunity Cost Hypothesis An Evolutionary Perspective on Parental Care             Genetic Relatedness to Offspring             Offspring’s Ability to Convert Parental Care Into Reproductive Success             Alternative Uses of Resources Available for Investment in Children The Theory of Parent-Offspring Conflict             Mother-Offspring Conflict in Utero             Mother-Child Conflict and Sibling Relatedness             Parent-Offspring Conflict over Mating             BOX 7.1  Killing Parents and Asymmetry of Valuing Parents and Children Summary Suggested Readings 8. Problems of Kinship Theory and Implications of Inclusive Fitness             Hamilton’s Rule             Theoretical Implications of Hamilton’s Rule Empirical Findings That Support the Implications of Inclusive Fitness Theory             Alarm Calling in Ground Squirrels             Kin Recognition and Kin Classification in Humans             Patterns of Helping in the Lives of Los Angeles Women             Life-or-Death Helping among Humans             Genetic Relatedness and Emotional Closeness: Is Blood Thicker Than Water?             Kinship and Survival             Vigilance over Kin's Romantic Relationships             Kinship and Stress             Patterns of Inheritance--Who Leaves Wealth to Whom?             Grandparental Investment             BOX 8.1 Investment by Aunts and Uncles             A Broader Perspective on the Evolution of the Family             The Dark Side of Families Summary Suggested Readings V. PROBLEMS OF GROUP LIVING 9. Cooperative Alliances The Evolution of Cooperation             The Problem of Altruism             Theory of Reciprocal Altruism             Tit for Tat             BOX 9.1 Strategies for Promoting Cooperation Examples of Cooperation in Nature             Food sharing in Vampire Bats             Chimpanzee Politics Cooperation and Altruism among Humans             Social Contract Theory             Do People Remember Cheaters?             Indirect Reciprocity Theory             Costly Signaling Theory             The Detection of Prospective Altruists             The psychology of friendship             Costs and Benefits of Friendship             Cooperative Coalitions Summary Suggested Readings 10. Aggression and Warfare Aggression as a Solution to Adaptive Problems             Co-opt the Resources of Others             Defend against Attack             Inflict Costs on Intrasexual Rivals             Negotiate Status and Power Hierarchies             Deter Rivals from Future Aggression             Deter Long-Term Mates from Sexual Infidelity             The Context-Specificity of AggressionWhy Are Men More Violently Aggressive Than Women             Box 10.1 The Recalibration Theory of Anger Empirical Evidence for Distinct Adaptive Patterns of Aggression             Evidence for Sex Differences in Same-Sex Aggression             Contexts Triggering Men's Aggression against Men             Contexts Triggering Women's Aggression against Women             Contexts Triggering Men's Aggression against Women             Contexts Triggering Women's Aggression against Men             Warfare             BOX 10.2  Yanomamo Warfare             Do Humans Have Evolved Homicide Mechanisms? Summary Suggested Readings 11. Conflict between the Sexes Strategic Interference Theory Conflict about the Occurrence and Timing of Sex             Conflict over Sexual Access Sexual Aggression and Evolved Differences Against Sexual Aggression             Sexual Harassment             Sexual Aggressiveness             Do Men Have Evolved Rape Adaptations?             Individual Differences Against Rape Proclivity Jealous Conflict             Sex Differences in Jealousy From Vigilance to Violence: Tactics of Mate Retention             Sex Differences in the Use of Mate Retention Tactics             Contexts Influencing Intensity of Mate Retention Effort             Violence toward Partners Conflict over Access to Resources             Causes of Resource Inequality: Women’s Mate Preferences and Men’s Competitive Tactics             BOX 11.1  Are All Men United with Other Men to Control Women? Summary Suggested Readings 12. Status, Prestige, and Social Dominance The Emergence of Dominance Hierarchies Dominance and Status in Non-Human Animals Evolutionary Theories of Dominance and Status             An Evolutionary Theory of Sex Differences in Status Striving             Dominance Theory             Social Attention-Holding Theory             Determinants of Dominance             BOX 12.1  Facial Dominance             Self-Esteem as a Status Tracking Mechanism             Strategies of Submissiveness Summary Suggested Readings V. PROBLEMS OF GROUP LIVING   13. Toward a Unified Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Cognitive Psychology             Problem Solving: Heuristics, Biases, and Judgment Under Uncertainty             The Evolution of Language Evolutionary Social Psychology             Capitalizing on Evolutionary Theories About Social Phenomena             The Evolution of Moral Emotions Evolutionary Developmental Psychology             Theory of mind modules             Life History Strategies Evolutionary Personality Psychology             Alternative Niche Picking or Strategic Specialization             Adaptive Self-Assessment of Heritable Qualities             Frequency-Dependent Adaptive Strategies Evolutionary Clinical Psychology             Causes of Mechanism Failure             Evolutionary Insights into Problems Erroneously Thought to be Dysfunctions Evolutionary Cultural Psychology             Evoked Culture             Transmitted Culture             The Evolution of Art, Fiction, Movies, and MusicToward a Unified Psychology Suggested Readings   Bibliography Index