Every human being once awhile reflects about these questions of existence: Who am I? Why I am here? And, What is entailed in my future? We continue to struggle with these questions today more than ever because we have not found comprehensive answer to this dilemma. Thus, the most reasonable way to come close in solving the question of existence is to confront it. We can do this by finding broader ways and means to prepare and educate ourselves how to embrace our own existential condition, love it, respect it, and seek to improve it. This pragmatic attitude emerges from what is classified as the third millennium philosophy, which is gradually changing the way we look at human problems including existentialism. This book discusses the historical landscape and the influence of the major ideologies of existentialism. It provides the general definition of the word "existentialism," and the clarification of the differences and similarities between theistic and atheistic existentialism. It also discusses the era when Enlightenment took the stage and fixated itself on the search for intellectual truth and the underlying question of human existence. During this era thinkers of the enlightenment began to explain the ultimate meaning of life solely through human reason, the only way through which they believed can finally deliver value and meaning of the world and existence. The book also discusses various philosophers of existentialism including Augustine, Pascal, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Camus, and Sartre. The philosophical discussion regarding the meaning of existence has been in the main stream of philosophy from the beginning. The subject has been an heir of a long philosophical tradition tracing itself all the way back to the pre-Socratic era. As one reads from ancient to postmodern philosophy, philosophers tend to address the subject over and over again but each and every one of them from a different viewpoint. Thus one main focus of this book is meant to trace the lin