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Experimental Methodology: International Edition

Experimental Methodology: International Edition

          
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About the Book

This book presents a reader-friendly introduction to the basic principles of experimental psychological research.   Experimental Methodology is organized so that each chapter focuses on a specific step in the research process. The book provides instruction in experimental research as well as non-experimental approaches such as ex-post facto research, correlational research, and survey research.  Also included are qualitative research approaches such as ethnography and phenomenology.

Table of Contents:
1. Introduction to Scientific Research Chapter Review Introduction Methods             Tenacity             Intuition             Authority             Rationalism             Empiricism Science             Induction             Hypothesis Testing             Naturalism                                 Kuhn and Paradigms                         Lakatos and Research Programs                         Feyerabend’s Anarchists Theory of Science What is Science? Pseudoscience             Overuse of ad hoc Hypotheses to Escape Refutation             Absence of Self-Correction             Reversed burden of Proof             Emphasis on Confirmation rather than Refutation             Overreliance on Testimonials and Anecdotal Evidence             Use of Obscurantist language             Absence of “Connectivity” with Other Disciplines Advantage of Scientific Research Characteristics of Scientific Research             Control             Operation             Replication Objectives of Scientific Research             Description             Explanation             Prediction             Control Basic Assumption Underlying Scientific Research             Reality in Nature             Rationality             Regularity             Discoverability The Role of Theory in Scientific Research The Role of the Scientist in Research             Curiosity             Patience             Objectivity             Change Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Test Challenge Exercises 2. Nonexperimental Research Approaches Chapter Preview Introduction Nonexperimental Quantitative Research             Correlational Study             Ex Post Facto Study             Longitudinal Study and Cross-Sectional Study             Naturalistic Observation             Meta Analysis             The Survey                         Methods of Data Collection                         Questionnaire Construction                         Response Bias Qualitative Research             Phenomenology             Ethnography                         Ethnographic Methods                         Entry and Group Acceptance                         Data Collection, Analysis, Report Writing             Case Study Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 3. The Experimental Research Approach Chapter Preview Introduction Causation             Cause             Effect             Causal Relationship The Psychological Experiment             Advantages of the Experimental Approach                         Causal Inference                         Control                         Ability of Manipulate Variables             Disadvantages of the Experimental Approach                         Does Not Test Effects of Nonmanipulated Variables                         Artificiality                         Inadequate Method of Scientific Inquiry Experimental Research Settings             Field Experimentation             Laboratory Experimentation             Internet Experiments Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 4. Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation Chapter Preview Introduction Sources of Research Ideas             Everyday Life             Practical Issues             Past Research             Theory Gender Bias in Research Ideas Ideas Not Capable of Scientific Investigation Review of the Literature             Getting Started             Defining Objectives             Doing the Search                         Books                         Psychological Journals                         Computerized or Electronic Databases                         Internet Resources             Obtaining Resources             Additional Information Sources Feasibility of the Study Formulating the Research Problem             Defining a Research Problem             Specificity of the Question Formulating Hypotheses Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 5. Ethics Chapter Preview Introduction Research Ethics: What Are They?             Relationship between Society and Science             Professional Issues             Treatment of Research Participants Ethical Dilemmas Ethical Guidelines             Respect for Persons and their Autonomy             Beneficence and Nonmaleficence             Justice             Trust             Fidelity and Scientific Integrity APA Ethical Standards for Research Ethical Issues to Consider When Conducting Research             Institutional Approval             Informed Consent                         Dispensing with Informed Consent                         Informed Consent and Minors                         Passive versus Active Consent             Deception             Debriefing             Coercion and Freedom to Decline Participation             Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy             Ethical Issues in Electronic Research                         Informed Consent and Internet Research                         Privacy and Internet Research                         Debriefing and Internet Research             Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report                         Authorship                         Writing the Research Report Ethics of Animal Research             Animal Rights             Alternatives to the Use of Animals             Safeguards in the Use of Animals             Animal Research Guidelines Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 6. Variables Used in Experimentation Chapter Preview Introduction Types of Variables The Independent Variable             Variation                         Presence versus Absence                         Amount of a Variable                         Type of a Variable             Establishing Variation in the Independent Variable                         Experimental Manipulation                         Individual Difference Manipulation             Constructing the Independent Variable             Number of Independent Variables The Dependent Variable             Response to be Used as the Dependent Variable             Reducing Participant Error             Number of Dependent Variables Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 7. Reliability and Validity in Experimental Research Chapter Preview Introduction Relationship Between Reliability and Validity Experimental Reliability             Reliability and the Number and Identification of the Participants             Reliability and the Ability and Characteristics of the Researcher Reliability and the Independent Variable Reliability and the Dependent Variable Measurement Error Methods of Assessing Reliability             Successive Measurement             Simultaneous Measurement             Internal Consistency Experimental Validity Statistical Conclusion Validity Internal Validity             Threats to Internal Validity                         History                         Maturation                         Instrumentation                         Testing                         Regression Artifact                         Attrition                         Selection                         Additive and Interactive Effects Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 8. Construct and External Validity in Experimental Research Chapter Preview Introduction Construct Validity             Assessing Construct Validity                         Content Validity                         Criterion-Related Validity                         Other Sources of Evidence of Construct Validity             Threats to Construct Validity                         Reactivity to the Experimental Situation                                     Participant Effect                                     Conditions Producing a Positive Self-Presentation Motive                                     Implication for Research                         Experimenter Effects                                     Experimenter Attributes                                      Experimenter Expectancies                                     Mediation of Expectancy                                     Magnitude of the Expectancy Effect External Validity             Population Validity             Ecological Validity             Temporal Validity             Treatment Variation Validity             Outcome Validity Cautions in Evaluating the External Validity of Experiments Relationship Between Internal and External Validity Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 9. Control Techniques Chapter Preview Introduction Randomization Matching             Matching by Holding Variables Constant             Matching by Building the Extraneous Variable into the Research Design             Matching by Yoked Control             Matching by Equating Participants                         Precision Control                         Frequency Distribution Control Counterbalancing             Intrasubject Counterbalancing: The ABBA Technique             Intragroup Counterbalancing                         Incomplete Counterbalancing Control of Participation Effects             Double Blind Placebo Model             Deception             Procedural Control, or Control of Participant Interpretation Control of Experimenter Effects             Control of Recording Errors             Control of Experimenter Attribute Errors             Control of Experimenter Expectancy Error                         The Blind Technique                         The Partial Blind Technique                         Automation Likelihood of Achieving Control Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 10. Experimental Research Design Chapter Preview Introduction Research Designs with Threats to Internal Validity             One-Group Posttest-Only Design             One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design             Nonequivalent Posttest-Only Design Requirements of Experimental Research Designs Pretesting Participants Experimental Research Designs             Posttest-Only Design                         Between-Participants Posttest-Only Design                         Within-Participants Posttest-Only Design                         Combining Between- and Within-Participants Designs             Pretest-Posttest Design Choice of a Research Design             Research Question             Control             Between-versus Within-Participants Design Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 11. Quasi-Experimental Designs Chapter Preview Introduction Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design             Outcomes with Rival Hypohteses                         Outcome I: First Increasing Treatment Effect                         Outcome II: Increasing Treatment and Control Groups                         Outcome III: Second Increasing Treatment Effect                         Outcome IV: Crossover Effect             Causal Inference from the Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design Time-Series Design             Interrupted Time-Series Design Regression Discontinuity Design Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 12. Single-Case Research Designs Chapter Preview Introduction Single-Case Designs             ABA Design             Interaction Design             Multiple-Baseline Design             Changing-Criterion Design Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs             Baseline             Changing One Variable at a Time             Length of Phases Criteria for Evaluating Change             Experimental Criterion             Therapeutic Criterion Rival Hypotheses Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 13. Data Collection Chapter Preview Introduction Research Participants             Obtaining Animals (Rats)             Obtaining Human Participants                 Gender Bias Sample Size             Power Apparatus and/or Instruments Instructions Scheduling of Research Participants Procedure             Pilot Study Institutional Approval Data Collection Consent to Participate Debriefing, or Postexperimental Interview             Debriefing Functions             How to Debrief Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 14. Hypothesis Testing Chapter Preview Introduction Testing the Hypothesis The Mean Standard Deviation Selection of a Statistical Test Independent Samples t-Test Significance Level Analysis of Variance             One-Way Analysis of Variance             Analysis of Variance Summary Table             Interpreting the Results of the Analysis of Variance             Two-Way Analysis of Variance             Rejecting versus Failing to Reject the Null Hypothesis Potential Error in the Statistical Decision-Making Process Correlation             Computation in Correlation             Interpretation of Correlation Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Practice Tests Challenge Exercises 15. The Research Report Chapter Preview Introduction The APA Format Preparation of the Research Report             Writing Style             Language                         Specificity                         Labels                         Participation                         Specific Issues             Editorial Style                         Italics                         Abbreviation                         Headings                         Quotations                         Numbers                         Physical Measurements                         Presentation of Statistical Results                         Tables                         Figures                         Figure Captions                         Reference Citations                         Reference List                         Typing                         Ordering of Manuscript Pages Submission of the Research Report for Publication             Acceptance of the Manuscript Presenting Research Results at Professional Conferences             Oral Presentation             Poster Presentation Summary Key Terms and Concepts Related Internet Sites Appendices A. Answers to Practice Tests B. Critical Values of t C. The 5 Percent and 1 Percent Values for the F-Distribution D. Table of Random Numbers References   Index


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9780205504671
  • Publisher: Pearson Education (US)
  • Publisher Imprint: Pearson
  • Height: 249 mm
  • No of Pages: 544
  • Sub Title: International Edition
  • Width: 189 mm
  • ISBN-10: 0205504671
  • Publisher Date: 20 Jul 2006
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: English
  • Spine Width: 20 mm
  • Weight: 810 gr


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