FOREST ECOLOGY Authoritative resource covering traditional plant ecology topics and contemporary components such as climate change, invasive species, ecosystem services, and more Forest Ecology provides comprehensive coverage of the field, focusing on traditional plant ecology topics of tree structure and growth, regeneration, effects of light and temperature on tree physiology, forest communities, succession, and diversity. The work also reviews abiotic factors of light, temperature, physiography (landforms and topography), soil, and disturbance (especially fire), and provides coverage of ecosystem-level topics including carbon storage and balance, nutrient cycling, and forest ecosystem productivity. The 5th edition of Forest Ecology retains the readability and accessibility of the previous editions and includes important additional topical material that has surfaced in the field. All topics are approached with a landscape ecosystem or geo-ecological view, which places biota (organisms and communities) in context as integral parts of whole ecosystems that also include air (atmosphere and climate), topography, soil, and water. As such, the book fills a niche utilized by no other forest ecology text on the market, helping students and researchers consider whole ecosystems at multiple scales. Sample topics covered in Forest Ecology include: Contemporary components of forest ecology, including climate change, invasive species, diversity, ecological forestry, landscape ecology, and ecosystem services. Characteristics of physiography important for forest ecosystems, including its effects on microclimate, disturbance, soil, and vegetation. Genetic diversity of woody plants and genecological differentiation of tree species, including the importance of hybridization, polyploidy, and epigenetics. Site quality estimation using tree height and ground flora, and multiple-factor approaches to forest site and ecosystem classification and mapping. Forest Ecology is a highly accessible text for students, but it also serves as an excellent reference for academics. In addition, practitioners of forest ecology can also harness the information within to gain better insight into the field for practical application of concepts.

Table of Contents:
Acknowledgments vii Introduction ix 1 An Introduction to Drawing for Interior Design 1 Understanding Orthographic Projection Drawings 5 Orthographic Projection Drawings for Interior Environments 7 Floor Plans 7 Interior Elevations 9 Sections 16 Reflected Ceiling Plans 18 Dimensions 19 Lettering 21 More about Orthographic Projections 22 2 The Design Process and Related Graphics 29 Programming 32 Diagrams and Programming Analysis Graphics 34 Programming Matrices 40 Schematic Design 43 Bubble Diagrams 43 Blocking Diagrams 43 Fit and Stacking Plans 47 Conceptual Design 47 Mood and Inspiration Boards 49 Schematic Presentation Graphics 51 Design Development 60 3 Paraline and Perspective Drawings 63 Paraline Drawings 64 Plan Oblique Drawings 65 Isometric Drawings 67 Perspective Drawings 68 Perspective Basics 68 One-Point Perspective 73 Two-Point Perspective 73 Three-Point Perspective 74 Developing Visual Skills 74 Ellipses 74 Use of Enclosing Boxes 74 4 Drawing and Sketching Interior Environments 81 Estimated One-Point Interior Perspective Drawings 81 Estimated Two-Point Interior Perspective Drawings 87 Prepared Perspective Grid Charts 92 Two-Point Plan Projection Method 94 Using Photographs 97 Drawing Composition and Cropping 99 5 Rendering by Hand 103 Rendering as Illumination 104 Materials, Media, and Tools 105 Rendering Media 106 Rendering Orthographic Projection Drawings 107 Rendering Simplified Shadows 108 Materials and Finishes 109 Color Rendering 111 Additional Tips for Manual Rendering 125 Rendering Perspective Drawings 126 Shadows in Perspective Renderings 126 Rendering Perspective Drawings without Color 126 Rendering Interior Perspectives in Color 132 Techniques and Tips for Perspective Rendering 135 Hybrid Rendering: Combining Hand and Digital Rendering 139 6 SketchUp and Digital Modeling 143 Getting Started in SketchUp 144 SketchUp Drawing Basics 147 Drawing First Steps 147 Navigation Basics 149 Selection 149 More Drawing Basics 152 Creating Plan and Section Views 168 Exporting Files 169 Importing Files 170 Working from Imported CAD Files 171 Working with REVIT and Other File Types 173 Rendering and Materials Selection in SketchUp 173 7 Digital Rendering 175 Rendering in SketchUp 176 SketchUp Extensions 181 Rendering with Photoshop 184 Getting Started with CAD- or Revit-Generated Drawings 184 Rendering Setup 186 Rendering Techniques and Options 189 Rendering Perspectives in Photoshop 197 Revit Rendering 206 8 Scale Models: Physical and Digital 209 Materials and Tools 210 Paperboard 211 Wood 215 Plastics and Foam 217 Additional Tools 217 Construction and Use of Models 219 Physical Scale Models in Professional Practice 224 Digital Fabrication and 3D Printing 228 Virtual Reality 234 9 Presenting Materials and Finishes 239 Materials and Media Used in Making Boards and Physical Presentations 243 Organization and Composition 250 Sample Presentation Board Organizational Approaches 250 Titles, Keys, and Legends 252 Tips for Materials Preparation 255 Digital Presentation 259 10 Making the Complete Presentation 263 Process and Presentation 267 Organization and Composition 268 Physical Presentations 268 Digital Presentation 273 Beyond the Board and Sheet 284 Graphic Design Components 287 Grids 287 Type 288 Creating Hierarchy 291 Public Speaking and Design Communication 293 Verbal Presentation Basics 296 A Few Words from the Experts 298 Appendix: Color Theory for Rendering 303 Index 305