The Foundations of Dual Language Instruction is a practical book that examines the basic social, political, historical, and educational foundations of teaching second language learners.  This outstanding book is simply written and accessible to beginners. The author takes an objective look at dual language instruction and examines its different parts in a scholarly fashion. She places this important topic in a social environment and develops an understanding of the politics of dual language instruction and the controversy it inspires. Providing basic definitions and theoretical frameworks for thinking about bilingual education, the Fifth Edition continues to explore the political dimensions of language and clearly demonstrates how language works in the classroom.

Table of Contents:
Preface xiii Chapter 1 HI S T O R I C A L A N D I N T E R N A T I O N A L P E R S P E C T I V E S 1 Societal Bilingualism 1 The Ancient World 1 The Modern World 2 Multilingualism in the United States 3 Education in More than One Language: An International Perspective 4 China 4 Canada 4 Sweden 5 The History of Dual Language Instruction in the United States 5 The Nineteenth Century 5 The Twentieth Century 8 The Twenty-First Century 9 Summary 9 Questions to Think About and Discuss 10 Activities 10 Suggestions for Further Reading 10 Chapter 2 DU A L L A N G U A G E P R O G R A M M O D E L S 1 3 What Is a Program Model? 13 Transitional Bilingual Programs 14 Which Students Do Transitional Programs Serve? 14 What Is the Goal of a Transitional Program? 14 Transitional Programs: A Lot Better than Nothing 15 Language Maintenance Programs 15 Enrichment Programs 16 Immersion Programs 16 The Results of Immersion: The Canadian Experience 17 Immersion Programs in the United States 17 English Immersion 19 Models and Realities: What Does Bilingual Education Look Like in Practice? 19 Dual Language Instruction in Private Schools 22 Bilingual Teachers 23 Summary 24 Questions to Think About and Discuss 24 Activities 24 Suggestions for Further Reading 25 Chapter 3 AS P E C T S O F L A N G U A G E 2 7 The Study of Language 27 What Is Language? 28 Subsystems of Language 29 The Phonological System 29 The Morphological System 29 Syntax 29 Semantics 30 Pragmatics 31 Implications for Teachers 31 Other Aspects of Communication 33 Language Attitudes 33 Are Some Languages Better than Others? 33 Are Some Languages More Expressive than Others? 34 Language Varieties 36 Standard 36 Dialect 37 Pidgins and Creoles 37 Register 38 But Is It Slang? 38 More Than One Language 38 What Is Bilingualism? 39 Code-Switching 40 Bilingualism: A Handicap or a Talent? 41 The Ebonics Debate 41 Summary 43 Questions to Think About and Discuss 43 Activities 45 Suggestions for Further Reading 46 Chapter 4 LA N G U A G E D E V E L O P M E N T 4 7 First Language Development: Memorizing or Hypothesizing? 47 Rule Finding 48 First Language Development and Comprehensible Input 49 Child-Directed Speech 49 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Language Acquisition 50 Input Modification 50 Stages of First Language Development 51 Order of Acquisition 52 Children as Sociolinguists 53 Second Language Acquisition 54 The Effect of Age 55 The Effect of Personality 56 The Social Factors 56 Integrative Models of Second Language Acquisition 57 The Acquisition—Learning Distinction 57 Language Learners and Language Speakers Interact 59 Summary 60 Questions to Think About and Discuss 61 Activities 61 Suggestions for Further Reading 61 Chapter 5 ST U D E N T A S S E S S M E N T 6 3 Testing Second Language Learners: General Issues 63 Reliability 63 Validity 64 Content Bias 64 Can You Eliminate Content Bias with Translation? 64 Construct Bias 65 Procedure 65 Norming 65 Language Proficiency 66 What Is Language Proficiency? 66 Models of Language Proficiency 66 Academic Language Proficiency 66 How Is Language Proficiency Assessed? 67 Standardized Achievement Testing 70 Diagnostic Testing for Placement in Special Programs 72 Summary 73 Questions to Think About and Discuss 73 Activities 73 Suggestions for Further Reading 74 Chapter 6 P R I M A R Y L A N G U A G E I N S T R U C T I O N F O R L I M I T E D E N G L I S H P R O F I C I E N T S T U D E N T S 7 7 A Rationale for Primary Language Instruction 78 Transfer of Concepts and Skills 78 Primary Language Development and Second Language Acquisition 80 Students Need to Develop CALP 80 Effects of Bilingualism on Achievement 81 Primary Language Instruction and Self-Concept 81 Overall, What Does the Research Indicate? 82 If Primary Language Instruction, Then How? 83 Separation of Languages 84 Concurrent Translation 84 Preview-Review 85 Cooperative Learning 85 Summary 86 Questions to Think About and Discuss 87 Activities 87 Suggestions for Further Reading 87 •C H A P T E R 7   SE C O N D L A N G U A G E I N S T R U C T I O N 8 9 A Note about Terminology 89 Early Viewpoints on Second Language Instruction 90 Grammar-Translation 90 The Search for Alternative Approaches 90 Modern Approaches to Second Language Instruction 91 The Audiolingual Approach 91 Other Recent Approaches 92 Integrating Language and Content: Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English 95 Planning 95 Classroom Management 96 Lesson Delivery 96 Assessment 97 Literacy and Biliteracy 99 What Is Literacy? 99 Biliteracy 100 How Can Teachers Support Biliteracy? 100 Literacy and the Second Language Learner 102 How Can Schools Promote Biliteracy? 102 Summary 103 Questions to Think About and Discuss 104 Activities 104 Suggestions for Further Reading 105 C H A P T E R 8 ASPECTS OF CULTURE 1 0 9 Culture and Population 109 The Impact of Immigration 109 Other Demographic Factors 110 What Is Culture? 111 Culture Is Dynamic 112 Culture Is Creative 112 Culture Is Continuous 112 Culture Is Learned 113 Culture Is Shared 113 Culture Is a Struggle for Survival 113 Culture and Language 114 How Is Culture Manifested? 115 Clothing and Decoration 115 Housing 115 Time Orientation 116 Spatial Orientation 116 Values 116 Bilingual Education and Multicultural Education 117 What Is Multicultural Education? 117 What Is the Connection Between Bilingual Education and Multicultural Education? 120 Summary 121 Questions to Think About and Discuss 121 Activities 121 Suggestions for Further Reading 122 C H A P T E R 9 C U L T U R E A N D S C H O O L I N G 1 2 5 Culture and Academic Success 125 Genetic Inferiority 125 Cultural Deficit 126 Cultural Mismatch 127 Contextual Interaction 130 John Ogbu’s Typology 131 Status, Power, and School Success 132 Summary 134 Questions to Think About and Discuss 134 Activities 135 Suggestions for Further Reading 135 C H A P T E R 10 LE G A L F O U N D A T I O N S O F D U A L L A N G U A G E I N S T R U C T I O N 1 3 7 The Historical Context for Dual Language Instruction: World War II and Beyond 138 World War II and Foreign Language Instruction 138 World War II and Civil Rights 139 Brown v. the Board of Education (1954) 139 The Civil Rights Movement and Dual Language Instruction 140 Who Governs Education? 140 Federal Involvement in Education 141 The Bilingual Education Act (Title VII) 141 Discretionary Funding 142 Title VII and Policy 142 Lau v. Nichols (1974) 143 Interpretation of Lau 143 Effects of Lau 144 Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 145 No Child Left Behind 145 NCLB Funding 146 NCLB Pros and Cons 148 State Laws Regarding Bilingual Education 149 Summary 149 Questions to Think About and Discuss 150 Activities 150 Suggestions for Further Reading 150 C H A P T E R 11 L A N G U A G E P O L I C Y A N D P L A N N I N G 1 5 1 Language Support 151 Language Suppression 152 Language Suppression and the Media 153 Endangered Languages 153 Does Language Loss Matter? 154 Language Policy and Schooling 154 Summary 157 Questions to Think About and Discuss 157 Activities 157 Suggestions for Further Reading 158 C H A P T E R 12 NA T I O N A L U N I T Y A N D D I V E R S I T Y : T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S I N T H E T W E N T Y- F I R S T C E N T U R Y 1 5 9   Immigration 159 A Historical Perspective 160 Assimilation versus Pluralism 161 Unity, Diversity, and Language 162 Language Parochialism 163 Language Elitism 165 Language Restrictionism 166 Implications for Schooling 170 Summary 171 Questions to Think About and Discuss 172 Activities 172 Suggestions for Further Reading 172   A P P E N D I X O N L I N E R E S O U R C E S 1 7 5 Bibliography 177 Index 199