About the Book

This textbook introduces Instrumentation devices in a way sufficiently complete so that the reader acquires an ability to make meaningful measurement of three important process parameters - temperature, pressure, flow - as well as other mechanical and chemical parameters.
The book offers a comprehensive coverage of instrumentation and its practical implementation with an excellent balance of theoretical concepts and engineering practice. Any instrumentation system is incomplete without signal conditioning circuits and for this purpose one full chapter is devoted to various signal conditioning circuits. The book is designed for a one-semester course in Industrial Instrumentation or Instrumentation Devices.

About the Author

Alok Barua, Ph.D., is Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. With more than 25 years of teaching experience in IIT, he has published many papers in his teaching and research areas - instrumentation, bioreactor, image processing, testing and fault diagnosis of analog and mixed signal circuits. Professor Barua is the co-author of several books: “Computer Aided Analysis, Synthesis and Expertise of Active Filters” (1995); “Fault Diagnosis of Analog Integrated Circuit” (2005); and recently “3D Reconstruction with Feature Level Fusion” (2010). He also holds a patent for the design of “See Saw Bioreactor”. He had delivered invited lectures in many different universities of USA, Europe and Far East. He worked as Visiting Professor/ Guest Professor/ Research Professor in University of Arkansas, University of Karlsruhe, Frankfurt University, Yonsei University, Korea University and other institutions of the world. Dr. Barua is a senior member of IEEE.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Process Instrumentation System 1.3 Instrument Characteristics Chapter 2: Dynamic Characteristics Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Zero-Order Instrument 2.3 First-Order Instrument 2.4 Second-Order System Problems Chapter 3: Strain, Load, and Torque Measurement Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Strain Gauge 3.3 Load Cell 3.4 Cantilever Beam Type Load Cell 3.5 Intelligent Load Cells 3.6 Torque Measurement Problem Chapter 4: Temperature Sensors Learning Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Thermistor 4.3 Thermocouple 4.4 Resistance Thermometer Problems Chapter 5: Displacement Measurement Learning Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Potentiometer 5.3 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) 5.4 Capacitive Transducers Problems Chapter 6: Pressure Sensors Learning Objectives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Bourdon Gauge 6.3 Bellow Gauge 6.4 Diaphragm Pressure Transducer 6.5 Low Pressure Measurement Problems Chapter 7: Flowmeter Learning Objectives 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Differential Pressure Flowmeters 7.3 Orifice Meter 7.4 Flow Nozzle/Dall Tube/Venturi Meter 7.5 Pitot Tube 7.6 Elbow Meter 7.7 Rotameter 7.8 Weir 7.9 Variable Reluctance Tachogenerator 7.10 Turbine Flowmeter 7.11 Electromagnetic Flowmeter 7.12 Ultrasonic Flowmeter 7.13 Hot-Wire Anemometer Problems Chapter 8: Flapper-Nozzle System Learning Objectives 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Application as a Displacement Measuring Device 8.3 Static Sensitivity 8.4 Force Balance Differential Pressure Transmitter 8.5 Flapper Nozzle with Air Relay 8.6 Current-to-Pressure (I/P) Transducer Chapter 9: Signal Conditioning Circuits Learning Objectives 9.1 Active Filters 9.2 Single Amplifier Filter 9.3 Negative Feedback Circuits 9.4 Inductors Simulator 9.5 Low-Pass Filter 9.6 High-Pass Filter 9.7 Band-Pass Filter 9.8 State Variable Filter 9.9 Sample-and-Hold Circuit 9.10 Logarithmic Amplifier 9.11 Antilogarithmic Amplifier 9.12 Analog Switch 9.13 Analog Multiplexer and Demultiplexer Chapter 10: Piezoelectric Sensors Learning Objectives 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Piezoelectric Phenomenon 10.3 Piezoelectric Materials 10.4 Piezoelectric Transducers 10.5 Measuring Circuit 10.6 Piezoelectric Accelerometers 10.7 Unimorph 10.8 Bimorphs 10.9 Actuator Stacks 10.10 Sandwich Piezoelectric Transducers 10.11 Pyroelectricity 10.12 Limitations of Piezoelectric Materials Chapter 11: Ultrasonic Sensors Learning Objectives 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Analysis 11.3 Equivalent Circuit of the Transmitter 11.4 Transmission of Ultrasound 11.5 Measurement of Ultrasound 11.6 Special Application Chapter 12: Measurement of Magnetic Field Learning Objectives 12.1 Principle of Measurement of Magnetic Field 12.2 Hall Effect Problems Chapter 13: Optoelectronic Sensors Learning Objectives 13.1 Photoconductivity 13.2 Photocurrent 13.3 The Semiconductor Photodiode 13.4 Sensors Based on Optical Fibre Chapter 14: pH and Viscosity Measurement Learning Objectives 14.1 Introduction to pH 14.2 Why is pH Measurement Important? 14.3 pH Probe 14.4 Measurement of Viscosity Problem Chapter 15: Dissolved Oxygen Sensors Learning Objectives 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Dissolved Oxygen Sensing 15.3 Principle of Operation of Polarographic Electrode 15.4 Principle of Operation of Galvanic Electrode 15.5 Limitations of Single-Layer Electrode Model 15.6 Design of Electrodes 15.7 Details of Some Commercially Available DO2 Sensors 15.8 Electrode Metals 15.9 Electrolytes in DO2 Probe 15.10 Membrane 15.11 Signal Conditioning Circuits 15.12 General Design Considerations 15.13 Calibration of DO2 Sensors Chapter 16: Gas Chromatography Learning Objectives 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Different Methods in Chromatography 16.3 Basics of Chromatography 16.4 Liquid Chromatography Chapter 17: Pollution Measurement Learning Objectives 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Sample Collection 17.3 Aerosol Contaminants 17.4 Gaseous Contaminants 17.5 Carbon Monoxide Detection 17.6 NOx Measurement 17.7 Sulphur Dioxide Analyzer 17.8 Ozone Detection 17.9 Detection of Hydrocarbons 17.10 Air Quality Index 17.11 Measurement and Calculation Chapter 18: Smart Sensors Learning Objectives 18.1 Integrated, Smart, and Intelligent Sensors 18.2 Logical Function 18.3 Integration of Signal Processing 18.4 Self-Calibrating Micro Sensors 18.5 Self-Testing of Smart Sensors 18.6 Multisensing 18.7 Communication 18.8 Applications of Smart Sensors Bibliography Solutions to Problems Objective Type Questions and Answers Appendix I: Tables for Orifice Meter and Venturimeter Appendix II: Thermocouple Tables Index