This revised Sixth Edition presents the basic fundamentals on a level appropriate for college students who have completed their freshmen calculus, chemistry, and physics courses. All subject matter is presented in a logical order, from the simple to the more complex. Each chapter builds on the content of previous ones. In order to expedite the learning process, the book provides: "Concept Check" questions to test conceptual understanding End-of-chapter questions and problems to develop understanding of concepts and problem-solving skills End-of-book Answers to Selected Problems to check accuracy of work End-of chapter summary tables containing key equations and equation symbols A glossary for easy reference

Table of Contents:
List of Symbols xix 1. Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 1.1 Historical Perspective 2 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 3 1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 5 Case Study 1.1—Cargo Ship Failures 6 1.4 Classification of Materials 7 Case Study 1.2—Carbonated Beverage Containers 12 1.5 Advanced Materials 14 1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 17 Summary 18 References 18 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 19 Learning Objectives 20 2.1 Introduction 20 Atomic Structure 20 2.2 Fundamental Concepts 20 2.3 Electrons in Atoms 22 2.4 The Periodic Table 28 Atomic Bonding in Solids 30 2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 30 2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 32 2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 39 Materials of Importance 2.1—Water (Its Volume Expansion upon Freezing) 42 2.8 Mixed Bonding 43 2.9 Molecules 44 2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations 44 Summary 45 Equation Summary 46 List of Symbols 46 Important Terms and Concepts 47 References 47 3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 48 Learning Objectives 49 3.1 Introduction 49 Crystal Structures 49 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 49 3.3 Unit Cells 50 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 51 3.5 Density Computations—Metals 57 3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 57 3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics 63 3.8 Silicate Ceramics 64 3.9 Carbon 68 3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy 69 3.11 Crystal Systems 69 Material of Importance 3.1—Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) 71 Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes 72 3.12 Point Coordinates 72 3.13 Crystallographic Directions 74 3.14 Crystallographic Planes 81 3.15 Linear and Planar Densities 87 3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 88 Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials 91 3.17 Single Crystals 91 3.18 Polycrystalline Materials 92 3.19 Anisotropy 92 3.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 94 3.21 Noncrystalline Solids 99 Summary 101 Equation Summary 103 List of Symbols 104 Important Terms and Concepts 105 References 105 4. Polymer Structures 106 Learning Objectives 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 107 4.3 Polymer Molecules 110 4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 110 4.5 Molecular Weight 114 4.6 Molecular Shape 117 4.7 Molecular Structure 119 4.8 Molecular Configurations 120 4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 123 4.10 Copolymers 124 4.11 Polymer Crystallinity 125 4.12 Polymer Crystals 129 Summary 131 Equation Summary 132 List of Symbols 133 Important Terms and Concepts 133 References 133 5. Imperfections in Solids 134 Learning Objectives 135 5.1 Introduction 135 Point Defects 136 5.2 Point Defects in Metals 136 5.3 Point Defects in Ceramics 137 5.4 Impurities in Solids 140 5.5 Point Defects in Polymers 145 5.6 Specification of Composition 145 Miscellaneous Imperfections 149 5.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects 149 5.8 Interfacial Defects 152 Materials of Importance 5.1—Catalysts (and Surface Defects) 155 5.9 Bulk or Volume Defects 156 5.10 Atomic Vibrations 156 Microscopic Examination 157 5.11 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 157 5.12 Microscopic Techniques 158 5.13 Grain-Size Determination 162 Summary 165 Equation Summary 167 List of Symbols 167 Important Terms and Concepts 168 References 168 6. Diffusion 169 Learning Objectives 170 6.1 Introduction 170 6.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 171 6.3 Fick’s First Law 172 6.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Diffusion 174 6.5 Factors that Influence Diffusion 178 6.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials 183 Materials of Importance 6.1—Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 186 6.7 Other Diffusion Paths 187 6.8 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials 187 Summary 190 Equation Summary 191 List of Symbols 192 Important Terms and Concepts 192 References 192 7. Mechanical Properties 193 Learning Objectives 194 7.1 Introduction 194 7.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 195 Elastic Deformation 199 7.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 199 7.4 Anelasticity 202 7.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 203 Mechanical Behavior—Metals 205 7.6 Tensile Properties 206 7.7 True Stress and Strain 213 7.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 216 7.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformations 216 Mechanical Behavior—Ceramics 217 7.10 Flexural Strength 217 7.11 Elastic Behavior 218 7.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics 218 Mechanical Behavior—Polymers 220 7.13 Stress–Strain Behavior 220 7.14 Macroscopic Deformation 222 7.15 Viscoelastic Deformation 223 Hardness and Other Mechanical Property Considerations 227 7.16 Hardness 227 7.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials 232 7.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers 233 Property Variability and Design/Safety Factors 234 7.19 Variability of Material Properties 234 7.20 Design/Safety Factors 236 Summary 240 Equation Summary 242 List of Symbols 243 Important Terms and Concepts 244 References 244 8. Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms 246 Learning Objectives 247 8.1 Introduction 247 Deformation Mechanisms for Metals 247 8.2 Historical 248 8.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations 248 8.4 Characteristics of Dislocations 250 8.5 Slip Systems 251 8.6 Slip in Single Crystals 253 8.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals 256 8.8 Deformation by Twinning 258 Mechanisms of Strengthening in Metals 259 8.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 259 8.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening 261 8.11 Strain Hardening 262 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth 265 8.12 Recovery 265 8.13 Recrystallization 266 8.14 Grain Growth 270 Deformation Mechanisms for Ceramic Materials 272 8.15 Crystalline Ceramics 272 8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics 272 Mechanisms of Deformation and for Strengthening of Polymers 273 8.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 273 8.18 Factors that Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 275 Materials of Importance 8.1—Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 278 8.19 Deformation of Elastomers 279 Summary 281 Equation Summary 284 List of Symbols 284 Important Terms and Concepts 284 References 285 9. Failure 286 Learning Objectives 287 9.1 Introduction 287 Fracture 288 9.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 288 9.3 Ductile Fracture 288 9.4 Brittle Fracture 290 9.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 292 9.6 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 301 9.7 Fracture of Polymers 305 9.8 Fracture Toughness Testing 307 Fatigue 311 9.9 Cyclic Stresses 312 9.10 The S–N Curve 313 9.11 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials 318 9.12 Crack Initiation and Propagation 319 9.13 Factors that Affect Fatigue Life 321 9.14 Environmental Effects 323 Creep 324 9.15 Generalized Creep Behavior 324 9.16 Stress and Temperature Effects 325 9.17 Data Extrapolation Methods 328 9.18 Alloys for High-Temperature Use 329 9.19 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials 330 Summary 330 Equation Summary 333 List of Symbols 334 Important Terms and Concepts 335 References 335 10. Phase Diagrams 336 Learning Objectives 337 10.1 Introduction 337 Definitions and Basic Concepts 337 10.2 Solubility Limit 338 10.3 Phases 339 10.4 Microstructure 339 10.5 Phase Equilibria 339 10.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 340 Binary Phase Diagrams 341 10.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 342 10.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 344 10.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 348 10.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 351 10.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 351 10.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 357 Materials of Importance 10.1—Lead-Free Solders 358 10.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 364 10.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 367 10.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 368 10.16 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 369 10.17 Ternary Phase Diagrams 372 10.18 The Gibbs Phase Rule 373 The Iron–Carbon System 375 10.19 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram 375 10.20 Development of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Alloys 378 10.21 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 385 Summary 386 Equation Summary 388 List of Symbols 389 Important Terms and Concepts 389 References 389 11. Phase Transformations 390 Learning Objectives 391 11.1 Introduction 391 Phase Transformations in Metals 391 11.2 Basic Concepts 392 11.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 392 11.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 403 Microstructural and Property Changes in Iron–Carbon Alloys 404 11.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 404 11.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams 415 11.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 418 11.8 Tempered Martensite 422 11.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys 425 Materials of Importance 11.1—ShapeMemory Alloys 428 Precipitation Hardening 431 11.10 Heat Treatments 431 11.11 Mechanism of Hardening 433 11.12 Miscellaneous Considerations 435 Crystallization, Melting, and Glass Transition Phenomena in Polymers 436 11.13 Crystallization 436 11.14 Melting 437 11.15 The Glass Transition 437 11.16 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 438 11.17 Factors that Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 438 Summary 441 Equation Summary 443 List of Symbols 444 Important Terms and Concepts 444 References 444 12. Electrical Properties 445 Learning Objectives 446 12.1 Introduction 446 Electrical Conduction 446 12.2 Ohm’s Law 446 12.3 Electrical Conductivity 447 12.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 448 12.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 448 12.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 450 12.7 Electron Mobility 452 12.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 453 12.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 456 Semiconductivity 456 12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 456 12.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 459 12.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 462 12.13 Factors that Affect Carrier Mobility 463 12.14 The Hall Effect 467 12.15 Semiconductor Devices 469 Electrical Conduction in Ionic Ceramics and in Polymers 475 12.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 476 12.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 476 Dielectric Behavior 477 12.18 Capacitance 477 12.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 479 12.20 Types of Polarization 482 12.21 Frequency Dependence of The Dielectric Constant 484 12.22 Dielectric Strength 485 12.23 Dielectric Materials 485 Other Electrical Characteristics of Materials 485 12.24 Ferroelectricity 485 12.25 Piezoelectricity 486 Material of Importance 12.1—Piezoelectric Ceramic Ink-Jet Printer Heads 487 Summary 487 Equation Summary 491 List of Symbols 491 Important Terms and Concepts 492 References 492 13. Types and Applications of Materials 493 Learning Objectives 494 13.1 Introduction 494 Types of Metal Alloys 494 13.2 Ferrous Alloys 494 13.3 Nonferrous Alloys 507 Materials of Importance 13.1—Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins 517 Types of Ceramics 518 13.4 Glasses 519 13.5 Glass-Ceramics 519 13.6 Clay Products 521 13.7 Refractories 521 13.8 Abrasives 524 13.9 Cements 526 13.10 Ceramic Biomaterials 527 13.11 Carbons 528 13.12 Advanced Ceramics 531 Types of Polymers 536 13.13 Plastics 536 Materials of Importance 13.2—Phenolic Billiard Balls 539 13.14 Elastomers 539 13.15 Fibers 541 13.16 Miscellaneous Applications 542 13.17 Polymeric Biomaterials 543 13.18 Advanced Polymeric Materials 545 Summary 549 Important Terms and Concepts 552 References 552 14. Synthesis, Fabrication, and Processing of Materials 553 Learning Objectives 554 14.1 Introduction 554 Fabrication of Metals 554 14.2 Forming Operations 555 14.3 Casting 556 14.4 Miscellaneous Techniques 558 14.5 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing) 559 Thermal Processing of Metals 563 14.6 Annealing Processes 563 14.7 Heat Treatment of Steels 566 Fabrication of Ceramic Materials 577 14.8 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics 577 14.9 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 583 14.10 Powder Pressing 587 14.11 Tape Casting 589 14.12 3D Printing of Ceramic Materials 590 Synthesis and Fabrication of Polymers 591 14.13 Polymerization 591 14.14 Polymer Additives 594 14.15 Forming Techniques for Plastics 595 14.16 Fabrication of Elastomers 598 14.17 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 598 14.18 3D Printing of Polymers 599 Summary 602 Important Terms and Concepts 604 References 605 15. Composites 606 Learning Objectives 607 15.1 Introduction 607 Particle-Reinforced Composites 609 15.2 Large–Particle Composites 609 15.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 613 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 613 15.4 Influence of Fiber Length 614 15.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 615 15.6 The Fiber Phase 623 15.7 The Matrix Phase 625 15.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 625 15.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 631 15.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 632 15.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 634 15.12 Hybrid Composites 634 15.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 635 Structural Composites 637 15.14 Laminar Composites 637 15.15 Sandwich Panels 639 Case Study 15.1—Use of Composites in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 641 15.16 Nanocomposites 642 Summary 644 Equation Summary 647 List of Symbols 647 Important Terms and Concepts 648 References 648 16. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 649 Learning Objectives 650 16.1 Introduction 650 Corrosion of Metals 651 16.2 Electrochemical Considerations 651 16.3 Corrosion Rates 657 16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 659 16.5 Passivity 665 16.6 Environmental Effects 666 16.7 Forms of Corrosion 667 16.8 Corrosion Environments 674 16.9 Corrosion Prevention 675 16.10 Oxidation 677 Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 681 Degradation of Polymers 681 16.11 Swelling and Dissolution 681 16.12 Bond Rupture 683 16.13 Weathering 685 Summary 685 Equation Summary 687 List of Symbols 688 Important Terms and Concepts 689 References 689 17. Thermal Properties 690 Learning Objectives 691 17.1 Introduction 691 17.2 Heat Capacity 691 17.3 Thermal Expansion 695 Materials of Importance 17.1—Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 697 17.4 Thermal Conductivity 698 17.5 Thermal Stresses 701 Summary 703 Equation Summary 704 List of Symbols 705 Important Terms and Concepts 705 References 705 18. Magnetic Properties 706 Learning Objectives 707 18.1 Introduction 707 18.2 Basic Concepts 707 18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 711 18.4 Ferromagnetism 713 18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 714 18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 718 18.7 Domains and Hysteresis 719 18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 722 18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials 724 Materials of Importance 18.1—An Iron–Silicon Alloy that Is Used in Transformer Cores 724 18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 726 18.11 Magnetic Storage 729 18.12 Superconductivity 732 Summary 735 Equation Summary 737 List of Symbols 737 Important Terms and Concepts 738 References 738 19. Optical Properties 739 Learning Objectives 740 19.1 Introduction 740 Basic Concepts 740 19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 740 19.3 Light Interactions with Solids 742 19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 743 Optical Properties of Metals 744 Optical Properties of Nonmetals 745 19.5 Refraction 745 19.6 Reflection 747 19.7 Absorption 747 19.8 Transmission 751 19.9 Color 751 19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 753 Applications of Optical Phenomena 754 19.11 Luminescence 754 19.12 Photoconductivity 754 Materials of Importance 19.1—LightEmitting Diodes 755 19.13 Lasers 757 19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications 761 Summary 763 Equation Summary 765 List of Symbols 766 Important Terms and Concepts 766 References 766 20. Environmental and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 767 Learning Objectives 768 20.1 Introduction 768 20.2 Environmental and Societal Considerations 768 20.3 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 771 Materials of Importance 20.1— Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/Plastics 775 Summary 777 References 778 Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) A-1 A.1: The SI Base Units A-1 A.2: Some SI-Derived Units A-2 A.3: SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes A-2 A.4: Unit Abbreviations A-3 A.5: Unit Conversion Factors A-3 Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A-5 B.1: Density A-5 B.2: Modulus of Elasticity A-8 B.3: Poisson’s Ratio A-12 B.4: Strength and Ductility A-13 B.5: Plane Strain Fracture Toughness A-18 B.6: Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion A-20 B.7: Thermal Conductivity A-23 B.8: Specific Heat A-26 B.9: Electrical Resistivity A-29 B.10: Metal Alloy Compositions A-32 Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials A-34 Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers A-39 Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials A-43 Appendix F Characteristics of Selected Elements A-44 Appendix G Values of Selected Physical Constants A-45 Appendix H Periodic Table of the Elements A-45 Glossary G-1 Questions and Problems P-1 Answers to Selected Problems P-A1 Index I-1