Fundamentals of Physics, 12th Edition guides students through the process of learning how to effectively read scientific material, identify fundamental concepts, reason through scientific questions, and solve quantitative problems. The 12th edition includes a renewed focus on several contemporary areas of research to help challenge students to recognize how scientific and engineering applications are fundamental to the world’s clockwork. A wide array of tools will support students’ active learning as they work through and engage in this course. Fundamentals of Physics, 12e is built to be a learning center with practice opportunities, interactive challenges, activities, simulations, and videos. Practice and assessment questions are available with immediate feedback and detailed solutions, to ensure that students understand the problem-solving processes behind key concepts and understand their mistakes while working through problems.

Table of Contents:
1 Measurement 1 1.1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths 1 1.2 Time 5 1.3 Mass 6 2 Motion Along a Straight Line 13 2.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity 13 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 18 2.3 Acceleration 20 2.4 Constant Acceleration 23 2.5 Free-Fall Acceleration 28 2.6 Graphical Integration In Motion Analysis 30 3 Vectors 44 3.1 Vectors and Their Components 44 3.2 Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors By Components 50 3.3 Multiplying Vectors 52 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 67 4.1 Position and Displacement 67 4.2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 70 4.3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 73 4.4 Projectile Motion 75 4.5 Uniform Circular Motion 82 4.6 Relative Motion In One Dimension 84 4.7 Relative Motion In Two Dimensions 86 5 Force and Motion—I 101 5.1 Newton's First and Second Laws 101 5.2 Some Particular Forces 109 5.3 Applying Newton's Laws 113 6 Force and Motion—II 132 6.1 Friction 132 6.2 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 138 6.3 Uniform Circular Motion 140 7 Kinetic Energy and Work 156 7.1 Kinetic Energy 156 7.2 Work and Kinetic Energy 158 7.3 Work Done By The Gravitational Force 163 7.4 Work Done By A Spring Force 167 7.5 Work Done By A General Variable Force 170 7.6 Power 174 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 186 8.1 Potential Energy 186 8.2 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 193 8.3 Reading A Potential Energy Curve 196 8.4 Work Done On A System By An External Force 201 8.5 Conservation of Energy 205 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 225 9.1 Center of Mass 225 9.2 Newton's Second Law For A System of Particles 229 9.3 Linear Momentum 234 9.4 Collision and Impulse 236 9.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 240 9.6 Momentum and Kinetic Energy In Collisions 243 9.7 Elastic Collisions In One Dimension 247 9.8 Collisions In Two Dimensions 251 9.9 Systems With Varying Mass: A Rocket 252 10 Rotation 270 10.1 Rotational Variables 270 10.2 Rotation With Constant Angular Acceleration 279 10.3 Relating The Linear and Angular Variables 281 10.4 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 285 10.5 Calculating The Rotational Inertia 286 10.6 Torque 291 10.7 Newton's Second Law For Rotation 292 10.8 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 296 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 310 11.1 Rolling As Translation and Rotation Combined 310 11.2 Forces and Kinetic Energy of Rolling 313 11.3 The Yo-Yo 316 11.4 Torque Revisited 317 11.5 Angular Momentum 320 11.6 Newton's Second Law In Angular Form 322 11.7 Angular Momentum of A Rigid Body 325 11.8 Conservation of Angular Momentum 328 11.9 Precession of A Gyroscope 333 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 344 12.1 Equilibrium 344 12.2 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 349 12.3 Elasticity 355 13 Gravitation 372 13.1 Newton's Law of Gravitation 372 13.2 Gravitation and The Principle of Superposition 375 13.3 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface 377 13.4 Gravitation Inside Earth 381 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy 383 13.6 Planets and Satellites: Kepler's Laws 387 13.7 Satellites: Orbits and Energy 390 13.8 Einstein and Gravitation 393 14 Fluids 406 14.1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure 406 14.2 Fluids At Rest 409 14.3 Measuring Pressure 412 14.4 Pascal's Principle 413 14.5 Archimedes' Principle 415 14.6 The Equation of Continuity 419 14.7 Bernoulli's Equation 423 15 Oscillations 436 15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 436 15.2 Energy In Simple Harmonic Motion 444 15.3 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 446 15.4 Pendulums, Circular Motion 448 15.5 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 453 15.6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 456 16 Waves—I 468 16.1 Transverse Waves 468 16.2 Wave Speed On A Stretched String 476 16.3 Energy and Power of A Wave Traveling Along A String 478 16.4 The Wave Equation 480 16.5 Interference of Waves 482 16.6 Phasors 487 16.7 Standing Waves and Resonance 490 17 Waves—II 505 17.1 Speed of Sound 505 17.2 Traveling Sound Waves 508 17.3 Interference 511 17.4 Intensity and Sound Level 515 17.5 Sources of Musical Sound 518 17.6 Beats 522 17.7 The Doppler Effect 524 17.8 Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 529 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 541 18.1 Temperature 541 18.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 545 18.3 Thermal Expansion 547 18.4 Absorption of Heat 550 18.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 556 18.6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 562 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 578 19.1 Avogadro's Number 578 19.2 Ideal Gases 579 19.3 Pressure, Temperature, and Rms Speed 583 19.4 Translational Kinetic Energy 586 19.5 Mean Free Path 587 19.6 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 589 19.7 The Molar Specific Heats of An Ideal Gas 593 19.8 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 597 19.9 The Adiabatic Expansion of An Ideal Gas 600 20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 613 20.1 Entropy 613 20.2 Entropy In The Real World: Engines 620 20.3 Refrigerators and Real Engines 626 20.4 A Statistical View of Entropy 629 21 Coulomb's Law 641 21.1 Coulomb's Law 641 21.2 Charge is Quantized 652 21.3 Charge is Conserved 654 22 Electric Fields 665 22.1 The Electric Field 665 22.2 The Electric Field Due To A Charged Particle 668 22.3 The Electric Field Due To A Dipole 670 22.4 The Electric Field Due To A Line of Charge 673 22.5 The Electric Field Due To A Charged Disk 679 22.6 A Point Charge In An Electric Field 680 22.7 A Dipole In An Electric Field 683 23 Gauss' Law 696 23.1 Electric Flux 696 23.2 Gauss' Law 701 23.3 A Charged Isolated Conductor 705 23.4 Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 708 23.5 Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry 710 23.6 Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry 713 24 Electric Potential 724 24.1 Electric Potential 724 24.2 Equipotential Surfaces and The Electric Field 729 24.3 Potential Due To A Charged Particle 733 24.4 Potential Due To An Electric Dipole 736 24.5 Potential Due To A Continuous Charge Distribution 738 24.6 Calculating The Field From The Potential 741 24.7 Electric Potential Energy of A System of Charged Particles 743 24.8 Potential of A Charged Isolated Conductor 746 25 Capacitance 759 25.1 Capacitance 759 25.2 Calculating The Capacitance 761 25.3 Capacitors In Parallel and In Series 765 25.4 Energy Stored In An Electric Field 770 25.5 Capacitor With A Dielectric 774 25.6 Dielectrics and Gauss' Law 778 26 Current and Resistance 789 26.1 Electric Current 789 26.2 Current Density 792 26.3 Resistance and Resistivity 796 26.4 Ohm's Law 801 26.5 Power, Semiconductors, Superconductors 805 27 Circuits 816 27.1 Single-Loop Circuits 816 27.2 Multiloop Circuits 826 27.3 The Ammeter and The Voltmeter 833 27.4 Rc Circuits 833 28 Magnetic Fields 850 28.1 Magnetic Fields and The Definition of 850 28.2 Crossed Fields: Discovery of The Electron 855 28.3 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 857 28.4 A Circulating Charged Particle 861 28.5 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 866 28.6 Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Wire 869 28.7 Torque On A Current Loop 872 28.8 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 874 29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 886 29.1 Magnetic Field Due To A Current 886 29.2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 892 29.3 Ampere's Law 894 29.4 Solenoids and Toroids 899 29.5 A Current-Carrying Coil As A Magnetic Dipole 901 30 Induction and Inductance 915 30.1 Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 915 30.2 Induction and Energy Transfers 923 30.3 Induced Electric Fields 927 30.4 Inductors and Inductance 932 30.5 Self-Induction 934 30.6 Rl Circuits 935 30.7 Energy Stored In A Magnetic Field 940 30.8 Energy Density of A Magnetic Field 942 30.9 Mutual Induction 943 31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 956 31.1 LC Oscillations 956 31.2 Damped Oscillations In An Rlc Circuit 963 31.3 Forced Oscillations of Three Simple Circuits 966 31.4 The Series Rlc Circuit 974 31.5 Power In Alternating-Current Circuits 982 31.6 Transformers 985 32 Maxwell's Equations; Magnetism of Matter 998 32.1 Gauss' Law For Magnetic Fields 998 32.2 Induced Magnetic Fields 1000 32.3 Displacement Current 1003 32.4 Magnets 1007 32.5 Magnetism and Electrons 1009 32.6 Diamagnetism 1015 32.7 Paramagnetism 1016 32.8 Ferromagnetism 1019 33 Electromagnetic Waves 1032 33.1 Electromagnetic Waves 1032 33.2 Energy Transport and The Poynting Vector 1040 33.3 Radiation Pressure 1043 33.4 Polarization 1045 33.5 Reflection and Refraction 1050 33.6 Total Internal Reflection 1056 33.7 Polarization By Reflection 1059 34 Images 1072 34.1 Images and Plane Mirrors 1072 34.2 Spherical Mirrors 1076 34.3 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 1083 34.4 Thin Lenses 1086 34.5 Optical Instruments 1094 34.6 Three Proofs 1098 35 Interference 1111 35.1 Light As A Wave 1111 35.2 Young's Interference Experiment 1117 35.3 Interference and Double-Slit Intensity 1122 35.4 Interference From Thin Films 1126 35.5 Michelson's Interferometer 1135 36 Diffraction 1148 36.1 Single-Slit Diffraction 1148 36.2 Intensity In Single-Slit Diffraction 1153 36.3 Diffraction By A Circular Aperture 1158 36.4 Diffraction By A Double Slit 1162 36.5 Diffraction Gratings 1166 36.6 Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power 1170 36.7 X-Ray Diffraction 1173 37 Relativity 1186 37.1 Simultaneity and Time Dilation 1186 37.2 The Relativity of Length 1196 37.3 The Lorentz Transformation 1199 37.4 The Relativity of Velocities 1204 37.5 Doppler Effect For Light 1205 37.6 Momentum and Energy 1209 38 Photons and Matter Waves 1225 38.1 The Photon, The Quantum of Light 1225 38.2 The Photoelectric Effect 1227 38.3 Photons, Momentum, Compton Scattering, Light Interference 1230 38.4 The Birth of Quantum Physics 1236 38.5 Electrons and Matter Waves 1238 38.6 Schrödinger's Equation 1242 38.7 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 1244 38.8 Reflection From A Potential Step 1246 38.9 Tunneling Through A Potential Barrier 1248 39 More About Matter Waves 1258 39.1 Energies of A Trapped Electron 1258 39.2 Wave Functions of A Trapped Electron 1264 39.3 An Electron In A Finite Well 1268 39.4 Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1270 39.5 The Hydrogen Atom 1275 40 All About Atoms 1293 40.1 Properties of Atoms 1293 40.2 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1300 40.3 Magnetic Resonance 1303 40.4 Exclusion Principle and Multiple Electrons In A Trap 1304 40.5 Building The Periodic Table 1308 40.6 X Rays and The Ordering of The Elements 1310 40.7 Lasers 1314 41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 1327 41.1 The Electrical Properties of Metals 1327 41.2 Semiconductors and Doping 1336 41.3 THE P-N Junction and The Transistor 1341 42 Nuclear Physics 1352 42.1 Discovering The Nucleus 1352 42.2 Some Nuclear Properties 1355 42.3 Radioactive Decay 1362 42.4 Alpha Decay 1365 42.5 Beta Decay 1368 42.6 Radioactive Dating 1371 42.7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 1372 42.8 Nuclear Models 1373 43 Energy from The Nucleus 1385 43.1 Nuclear Fission 1385 43.2 The Nuclear Reactor 1392 43.3 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1396 43.4 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1398 43.5 Thermonuclear Fusion In The Sun and Other Stars 1400 43.6 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1402 44 Quarks, Leptons, and The Big Bang 1410 44.1 General Properties of Elementary Articles 1410 44.2 Leptons, Hadrons, and Strangeness 1419 44.3 Quarks and Messenger Particles 1425 44.4 Cosmology 1431 Appendices A The International System of Units (SI) A-1 B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3 C Some Astronomical Data A-4 D Conversion Factors A-5 E Mathematical Formulas A-9 F Properties of The Elements A-12 G Periodic Table of The Elements A-15 Answers To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems AN-1 Index I-1