This book provides a practical guide to the basic essentials of earthquake engineering with a focus on seismic loading and structural design. Benefiting from the author’s extensive career in structural and earthquake engineering, dynamic analysis and lecturing, it is written from an industry perspective at a level suitable for graduate students. Fundamentals of Seismic Loading on Structures is organised into four major sections: introduction to earthquakes and related engineering problems, analysis, seismic loading, and design concepts. From a practical perspective, reviews linear and non-linear behaviour, introduces concepts of uniform hazard spectra, discusses loading provisions in design codes and examines soil-structure interaction issues, allowing the reader to quickly identify and implement information in a working environment. Discusses probabilistic methods that are widely employed in the assessment of seismic hazard, illustrating the use of Monte Carlo simulation with a number of worked examples. Summarises the latest developments in the field such as performance-based seismic engineering and advances in liquefaction research. “There are many books on earthquake engineering, but few are of direct use to the practising structural designer. This one, however, offers a new perspective, putting emphasis on the practical aspects of quantifying seismic loading, and explaining the importance of geotechnical effects during a major seismic event in readily understandable terms. The author has succeeded in marrying important seismological considerations with structural engineering practice, and this long-awaited book will find ready acceptance in the profession.” Professor Patrick J. Dowling CBE, DL, DSc, FIStructE, Hon MRIA, FIAE, FREng, FRS Chairman, British Association for the Advancement of Science Emeritus Professor and Retired Vice Chancellor, University of Surrey

Table of Contents:
Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction to Earthquakes 1 1.1 A Historical Perspective 1 1.2 The Nature of Earthquakes 8 1.3 Plate Tectonics 9 1.4 Focus and Epicentre 14 1.5 Seismic Waves 14 1.6 Seismometers 17 1.7 Magnitude and Intensity 22 1.8 Reid’s Elastic Rebound Theory 27 1.9 Significant Milestones in Earthquake Engineering 27 1.10 Seismic Tomography 28 1.11 References 32 2 Single Degree of Freedom Systems 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Free Vibration 38 2.3 Periodic Forcing Function 42 2.4 Arbitrary Forcing Function 49 2.5 References 53 3 Systems with Many Degrees of Freedom 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Lumped Parameter Systems with Two Degrees of Freedom 55 3.3 Lumped Parameter Systems with more than Two Degrees of Freedom 56 3.4 Mode Superposition 65 3.5 Damping Orthogonality 67 3.6 Non-linear Dynamic Analysis 68 3.7 References 73 4 Basics of Random Vibrations 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Concepts of Probability 76 4.3 Harmonic Analysis 85 4.4 Numerical Integration Scheme for Frequency Content 91 4.5 A Worked Example (Erzincan, 1992) 92 4.6 References 95 5 Ground Motion Characteristics 97 5.1 Characteristics of Ground Motion 97 5.2 Ground Motion Parameters 110 5.3 References 136 6 Introduction to Response Spectra 141 6.1 General Concepts 141 6.2 Design Response Spectra 149 6.3 Site Dependent Response Spectra 163 6.4 Inelastic Response Spectra 174 6.5 References 178 7 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis 181 7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 Basic Steps in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) 183 7.3 Guide to Analytical Steps 192 7.4 PSHA as Introduced by Cornell 195 7.5 Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques 200 7.6 Construction of Uniform Hazard Spectrum 207 7.7 Further Computational Considerations 212 7.8 References 216 8 Code Provisions 219 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Static Force Procedure 234 8.3 IBC 2006 239 8.4 Eurocode 8 244 8.5 A Worked Example (IBC 2000) 249 8.6 References 276 9 Inelastic Analysis and Design Concepts (with Particular Reference to H-Sections) 279 9.1 Introduction 279 9.2 Behaviour of Beam Columns 280 9.3 Full Scale Laboratory Tests 283 9.4 Concepts and Issues: Frames Subjected to Seismic Loading 289 9.5 Proceeding with Dynamic Analysis (MDOF systems) 290 9.6 Behaviour of Steel Members under Cyclic Loading 293 9.7 Energy Dissipating Devices 296 9.8 References 303 10 Soil-Structure Interaction Issues 305 10.1 Introduction 305 10.2 Definition of the Problem 305 10.3 Damaging Effects due to Amplification 308 10.4 Damaging Effects Due to Liquefaction 316 10.5 References 321 11 Liquefaction 323 11.1 Definition and Description 323 11.2 Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance 325 11.3 Liquefaction Analysis – Worked Example 332 11.4 SPT Correlation for Assessing Liquefaction 338 11.5 Influence of Fines Content 348 11.6 Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential of Clay (cohesive) Soil 349 11.7 Construction of Foundations of Structures in the Earthquake Zones Susceptible to Liquefaction 350 11.8 References 353 12 Performance Based Seismic Engineering – An Introduction 357 12.1 Preamble 357 12.2 Background to Current Developments 358 12.3 Performance-Based Methodology 360 12.4 Current Analysis Procedures 365 12.5 Second Generation Tools for PBSE 370 12.6 References 372 Index 375