"Karl has written the definitive guide to gamification, which itself is accessible and engaging. He brings trends to life and illustrates the principles of gamification through numerous examples from real-world games.... There is no doubt that 'gamification' is an important and powerful weapon in the arsenal for learning, marketing, and behavior change of any kind. This book is a valuable guide for all who are trying to understand or adopt these important design principles."
—FROM THE FOREWORD BY KEVIN KRUSE
Games create engagement—the corner-stone of any positive learning experience. With the growing popularity of digital games and game-based interfaces, it is essential that gamification be part of every learning professional's tool box. In this comprehensive resource, international learning expert Karl M. Kapp reveals the value of game-based mechanics to create meaningful learning experiences. Drawing together the most current information and relevant research in one resource, The Gamification of Learning and Instruction shows how to create and design games that are effective and meaningful for learners.
Kapp introduces, defines, and describes the concept of gamification and then dissects several examples of games to determine the elements that provide the most positive results for the players. He explains why these elements are critical to the success of learning. The Gamification of Learning and Instruction is based on solid research and the author includes peer-reviewed results from dozens of studies that offer insights into why game-based thinking and mechanics makes for vigorous learning tools. Not all games or gamification efforts are the same, the gamification of learning and instruction requires matching instructional content with the right game mechanics and game thinking. Moving beyond the theoretical considerations, the author explores how to design and develop gamification efforts. Kapp discusses how to create a successful game design document and includes a model for managing the entire game and gamification design process.
The Gamification of Learning and Instruction provides learning professional with the help they need to put the power of game design to work.
Follow Karl on his widely-read "Kapp Notes" blog at www.kaplaneduneering.com/kappnotes/
Table of Contents:
List of Figures and Tables xii
Contents on the Web xv
Foreword by Kevin Kruse xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxvii
About the Author xxix
Contributors xxxi
Chapter 1 What Is Gamification? 1
Chapter Questions 1
Introduction 2
Gamification in Action 2
What Is a Game? 6
What Is Gamification? 9
What Gamification Is Not 12
Gamification Versus Serious Games 15
Growth of Gamification 18
Who Is Using Gamification 19
Implications and Importance to the Future of Learning 22
Key Takeaways 23
Chapter 2 It’s in the Game: Understanding Game Elements 25
Chapter Questions 25
Introduction 26
Abstractions of Concepts and Reality 26
Goals 28
Rules 29
Conflict, Competition, or Cooperation 31
Time 32
Reward Structures 33
Feedback 35
Levels 37
Storytelling 41
Curve of Interest 45
Aesthetics 46
Replay or Do Over 48
Implications and Importance to the Future of Learning 49
Key Takeaways 50
Chapter 3 Theories Behind Gamification of Learning and Instruction 51
Chapter Questions 51
Introduction 51
Motivation 52
The Taxonomy of Intrinsic Motivation 58
Self-Determination Theory 63
Distributed Practice 65
Scaffolding 66
Episodic Memory 67
Cognitive Apprenticeship 69
Social Learning Theory 70
Flow 71
Key Takeaways 74
Chapter 4 Research Says Games Are Effective for Learning 75
Chapter Questions 75
Introduction 76
Game Research 76
Randel’s Meta-Analysis 77
Wolfe’s Meta-Analysis 80
Hays’ Meta-Analysis 80
Vogel’s Meta-Analysis 82
Ke’s Qualitative Meta-Analysis 83
Sitzmann’s Meta-Analysis 85
Elements of Games 88
Key Takeaways 101
Chapter 5 Leveling Up: What Gamification Can Do 105
Chapter Questions 105
Introduction 106
Improving Surgeon Hand-Eye Coordination 106
Solving Problems 108
Teaching Higher Order Skills 110
Thinking the Unthinkable 112
Thinking Like Your Opponent 113
Engaging Learners in a Live Classroom 115
Helping People Lose Weight 116
Making Physical Therapy More Enjoyable 119
Influencing Pro-Social Behavior 119
Testing Knowledge and Performance 123
Good for Young and Old 125
Key Takeaways 126
Chapter 6 Achiever or Killer? Player Types and Game Patterns 127
Chapter Questions 127
Introduction 128
Types of Play 128
Player Skill Levels 131
Bartle’s Player Types 132
Caillois’ Patterns of Play 137
Game Interactions 141
Key Takeaways 142
Chapter 7 Applying Gamification to Problem Solving 143
Chapter Questions 143
Introduction 144
Differences Between Novices and Experts 145
Turning Novices into Experts 147
Preparing Firefighters 158
Gamification of Problem Solving 161
Key Takeaways 164
Chapter 8 Applying Gamifi cation to Learning Domains 165
Chapter Questions 165
Introduction 166
Declarative Knowledge 167
Conceptual Knowledge 171
Rules-Based Knowledge 177
Procedural Knowledge 181
Soft Skills 185
Affective Domain 185
Psychomotor Domain 187
Key Takeaways 190
Chapter 9 Managing the Gamifi cation Design Process 193
Chapter Questions 193
Introduction 194
Development Process: ADDIE vs. Scrum 195
Team 202
Design Document 205
Paper Prototyping 216
Key Takeaways 217
Chapter 10 Congratulations! Selecting the Right In-Game Achievements, by Lucas Blair 219
Chapter Questions 219
Introduction 220
Measurement vs. Completion Achievements 220
Boring vs. Interesting Tasks 222
Achievement Difficulty 223
Goal Orientation 224
Expected vs. Unexpected Achievements 225
When Achievement Notification Occurs 227
Achievement Permanence 228
Who Can See Earned Achievements? 229
Negative Achievements 230
Achievements as Currency 231
Incremental and Meta Achievements 232
Competitive Achievements 233
Non-Competitive Cooperative Achievements 235
Key Takeaways 236
Chapter 11 Perspective of a Gamer, by Nathan Kapp 239
Chapter Questions 239
Introduction 240
Gamer Generation 240
Mario Kart: Thinking Outside the Box 240
Madden Football: Analyzing Problems 241
RuneScape: The Art of the Deal 243
Civilization Revolution: Balancing Resources 244
Games vs. School 245
Key Takeaways 246
Chapter 12 Casual Game Site: DAU Case Study, by Alicia Sanchez 247
Chapter Questions 247
Introduction 248
Games and Simulations in the Curriculum 248
DAU Casual Games Initiative 249
Games Portal 254
Key Takeaways 255
Chapter 13 Alternate Reality Games for Corporate Learning, by Koreen Olbrish 257
Chapter Questions 257
Introduction 258
Zombie Apocalypse 258
What Is an ARG? 259
ARG Terminology 260
Design Principles for ARGs 261
Potential of ARGs 263
Key Takeaways 264
Chapter 14 If You Want to Learn More, Play Games 265
Chapter Questions 265
Introduction 266
Pick a Card, Any Card—A Game of Phones 266
Survival Master 271
The Virtue of Gamification 274
Next Steps 275
Key Takeaways 276
Glossary 277
Notes 285
Index 297
