A Guide to Forensic DNA Profiling A Guide to Forensic DNA Profiling The increasingly arcane world of DNA profiling demands that those requiring to understand at least some of it must find a source of reliable and understandable information. Combining material from the successful Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science with newly commissioned and updated material, the Editors have used their own extensive experience in criminal casework across the world to compile an informative guide that will provide knowledge and thought-provoking articles of interest to anyone involved or interested in the use of DNA in the forensic context. Following extensive introductory chapters covering forensic DNA profiling and forensic genetics, this comprehensive volume presents a substantial breadth of material covering: Fundamental material—including sources of DNA, validation, and accreditation Analysis and interpretation—including extraction, quantification, amplification, and interpretation of electropherograms (epgs) Evaluation—including mixtures, low template, and transfer Applications—databases, paternity and kinship, mitochondrial DNA, wildlife DNA, single-nucleotide polymorphism, phenotyping, and familial searching Court—report writing, discovery, cross examination, and current controversies With contributions from leading experts across the whole gamut of forensic science, this volume is intended to be authoritative but not authoritarian, informative but comprehensible, and comprehensive but concise. It will prove to be a valuable addition, and a useful resource, for scientists, lawyers, teachers, criminologists, and judges.

Table of Contents:
Contributors ix Foreword xiii Preface xv Glossary xvii Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii 1 Introduction to Forensic Genetics 1 Scott Bader 2 DNA:An Overview 7 Eleanor Alison May Graham 3 DNA 27 Simon J. Walsh 4 Introduction to Forensic DNA Profiling – The Electropherogram (epg) 35 Allan Jamieson 5 Biological Stains 49 Peter R. Gunn 6 Sources of DNA 57 Sally-Ann Harbison 7 Identification and Individualization 67 Christophe Champod 8 Transfer 71 Georgina E. Meakin 9 Laboratory Accreditation 77 Allan Jamieson 10 Validation 83 Campbell A. Ruddock 11 Extraction 95 Campbell Ruddock 12 Quantitation 103 Robert I. O’Brien 13 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 111 Campbell Ruddock 14 Interpretation of Mixtures; Graphical 115 Allan Jamieson 15 DNA Mixture Interpretation 129 Dan E. Krane 16 Degraded Samples 137 Jason R. Gilder 17 Ceiling Principle: DNA 143 Simon J. Walsh 18 Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats 145 Jack Ballantyne and Erin K. Hanson 19 Expert Systems in DNA Interpretation 151 Hinda Haned and Peter Gill 20 Paternity Testing 159 Burkhard Rolf and Peter Wiegand 21 Observer Effects 167 William C. Thompson 22 Databases 171 Simon J. Walsh 23 Missing Persons and Paternity: DNA 179 Bruce S. Weir 24 Familial Searching 189 Klaas Slooten and Ronald Meester 25 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism 199 Claus Børsting, Vania Pereira, Jeppe D. Andersen, and Niels Morling 26 Mini-STRs 217 Michael D. Coble and Rebecca S. Just 27 Phenotype 223 Tony Frudakis 28 Mitochondrial DNA: Profiling 239 Terry Melton 29 Geographical Identification by Viral Genotyping 245 Hiroshi Ikegaya, Pekka J. Saukko, Yoshinao Katsumata, and Takehiko Takatori 30 Microbial Forensics 253 Bruce Budowle and Phillip C. Williamson 31 Wildlife Crime 265 Lucy M.I. Webster 32 DNA Databases – The Significance of Unique Hits and the Database Controversy 271 Ronald Meester 33 DNA Databases and Evidentiary Issues 279 Simon J. Walsh and John S. Buckleton 34 Communicating Probabilistic Forensic Evidence in Court 289 Jonathan J. Koehler 35 Report Writing for Courts 301 Rhonda Marie Wheate 36 Discovery of Expert Findings 307 Rhonda M. Wheate 37 Ethical Rules of Expert Behavior 315 Andre A. Moenssens 38 Verbal Scales: A Legal Perspective 321 Tony Ward 39 Direct Examination of Experts 327 Andre Moenssens 40 Cross-Examination of Experts 331 Andre Moenssens 41 DNA in the UK Courts 335 Rhonda Marie Wheate 42 Legal Issues with Forensic DNA in the USA 347 Christopher A. Flood 43 Controversies in DNA 361 Allan Jamieson 44 Future Technologies and Challenges 373 Allan Jamieson Index 385