This fourth volume of the landmark handbook focuses on the design, testing, and thermal management of 3D-integrated circuits, both from a technological and materials science perspective. Edited and authored by key contributors from top research institutions and high-tech companies, the first part of the book provides an overview of the latest developments in 3D chip design, including challenges and opportunities. The second part focuses on the test methods used to assess the quality and reliability of the 3D-integrated circuits, while the third and final part deals with thermal management and advanced cooling technologies and their integration.

Table of Contents:
Introduction to Design, Test and Thermal Management of 3D Integrated Circuits xv Part I Design 1 1 3D DesignStyles 3 Paul D. Franzon 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 3D-IC Technology Set 3 1.3 Why 3D 6 1.4 Miniaturization 7 1.5 Memory Bandwidth 8 1.6 3D Logic 10 1.7 Heterogeneous Integration 16 1.8 Conclusions 18 References 18 2 Ultrafine Pitch 3D Stacked Integrated Circuits: Technology, Design Enablement, and Application 21 DragomirMilojevic, Prashant Agrawal, Praveen Raghavan, Geert Van der Plas, Francky Catthoor, Liesbet Van der Perre, Dimitrios Velenis, Ravi Varadarajan, and Eric Beyne 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Overview of 3D Integration Technologies 23 2.3 Design Enablement of Ultrafine Pitch 3D Integrated Circuits 25 2.4 Implementation of Mobile Wireless Application 32 2.5 Conclusions 38 References 39 3 Power Delivery Network and Integrity in 3D-IC Chips 41 Makoto Nagata 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 PDN Structure and Integrity 41 3.3 PDN Simulation and Characterization 43 3.4 PDN in 3D Integration 49 References 52 4 Multiphysics Challenges and Solutions for the Design of Heterogeneous 3D Integrated System 53 Alexander Steinhardt, Dimitrios Papaioannou, Andy Heinig, and Peter Schneider 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Data Handling for the System View 61 4.3 Electrical Challenges 62 4.4 Mechanical Challenges 67 4.5 Thermal Challenges 68 4.6 Thermomechanical Challenges 72 Acknowledgments 77 References 77 5 Physical Design Flow for 3D/CoWoS®Stacked ICs 81 Yu-Shiang Lin, Sandeep K. Goel, Jonathan Yuan, Tom Chen, and Frank Lee 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 CoWoS®vs. 3D Design Paradigm 82 5.3 Physical Design Challenges 83 5.4 Physical Design Flow 85 5.5 Physical Design Guideline 94 5.6 TSMC Reference Flows 113 5.7 Conclusion 114 References 114 6 Design and CAD Solutions for Cooling and Power Delivery for Monolithic 3D-ICs 115 Sandeep Samal and Sung K. Lim 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 New Thermal Issues in Monolithic 3D-ICs 117 6.3 Fast Thermal Analysis with Adaptive Regression 121 6.4 New Power Delivery Issues in Monolithic 3D-ICs 126 6.5 Power Delivery Network Optimization 134 6.5.1 Design Styles 134 6.6 Conclusions 139 References 139 7 Electronic Design Automation for 3D 141 Paul D. Franzon 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 EDA Flows for 3D-IC 141 7.3 Commercial EDA Support 143 7.4 Modular Partitioning Approaches 143 7.5 Circuit Partitioning 145 7.6 Conclusions 146 References 147 8 3D Stacked DRAM Memories 149 Christian Weis, Matthias Jung, and Norbert Wehn 8.1 3D-DRAM Design Space and DRAM Technology Background 150 8.2 Design Space Exploration of 3D-DRAMs 160 8.3 Architectural 3D Stacked DRAM Controller Optimizations 176 8.4 Conclusion 183 References 184 Part II Test 187 9 Cost Modeling for 2.5D and 3D Stacked ICs 189 Mottaqiallah Taouil, Said Hamdioui, and Erik Jan Marinissen 9.1 Introduction 189 9.2 Testing 3D Stacked ICs 189 9.3 Cost Modeling 191 9.4 3D-COSTAR 193 9.5 Case Studies 196 9.6 Conclusion 207 References 207 10 Interconnect Testing for 2.5D- and 3D-SICs 209 Shi-Yu Huang 10.1 Introduction 209 10.2 Pre-Bond TSV Testing 211 10.3 Post-Bond Interconnect Testing 220 10.4 Concluding Remarks 227 References 228 11 Pre-Bond Testing Through Direct Probing of Large-Array Fine-Pitch Micro-Bumps 231 Erik JanMarinissen, Bart DeWachter, Jörg Kiesewetter, and Ken Smith 11.1 Introduction 231 11.2 Pre-Bond Testing 232 11.3 Micro-Bumps 234 11.4 Probe Technology 236 11.5 Test Vehicle: Vesuvius-2.5D 239 11.6 Experiment Results 242 11.7 Conclusion 249 Acknowledgments 249 References 250 12 3D Design-for-Test Architecture 253 Erik JanMarinissen, Mario Konijnenburg, Jouke Verbree, Chun-Chuan Chi, Sergej Deutsch, Christos Papameletis, Tobias Burgherr, Konstantin Shibin, Brion Keller, Vivek Chickermane, and Sandeep K. Goel 12.1 Introduction 253 12.2 Basic 3D-DfT Architecture 254 12.3 Vesuvius-3D 3D-DfT Demonstrator 257 12.4 Extensions to the Basic 3D-DfT Architecture 265 12.5 Conclusion 276 Acknowledgments 276 References 277 13 Optimization of Test-Access Architectures and Test Scheduling for 3D ICs 281 Sergej Deutsch, Brandon Noia, Krishnendu Chakrabarty, and Erik Jan Marinissen 13.1 Uncertain Parameters in Optimization of 3D Test Architecture and Test Scheduling 282 13.2 Robust Optimization of 3D Test Architecture 285 13.3 Simulation Results 294 13.4 Conclusion 299 References 299 14 IEEE Std P1838: 3D Test Access Standard Under Development 301 Adam Cron, Erik Jan Marinissen, Sandeep K. Goel, TeresaMcLaurin, and Sandeep Bhatia 14.1 Introduction 301 14.2 Overview 303 14.3 Scope and Terminology 304 14.4 Serial Control 306 14.5 Die Wrapper Register 311 14.6 Flexible Parallel Port 317 14.7 Conclusion 322 References 322 15 Test and Debug Strategy for TSMC CoWoS®Stacking Process-Based Heterogeneous 3D-IC: A Silicon Study 325 Sandeep K. Goel, Saman Adham,Min-JerWang, Frank Lee, Vivek Chickermane, Brion Keller, Thomas Valind, and Erik Jan Marinissen 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 Overview of CoWoS®Stacking Process 327 15.3 CoWoS®Chip Architecture 327 15.4 Test and Diagnosis Architecture 329 15.5 Testing of Passive Silicon Interposer 336 15.6 Experimental and Silicon Results 340 15.7 Conclusion 345 References 345 Part III Thermal Management 347 16 Thermal Isolation and Cooling Technologies for Heterogeneous 3D- and 2.5D-ICs 349 Yang Zhang, Hanju Oh, Yue Zhang, Li Zheng, Gary S.May, and Muhannad S. Bakir 16.1 Thermal Challenges for Heterogeneous 3D-ICs 349 16.2 Thermal Challenges and Solutions for 2.5D-ICs 359 16.3 Electrical and Fluidic Micro-Bumps 363 16.4 High Aspect Ratio TSVs Embedded in A Micro pin Fin Heat Sink 367 16.5 Conclusion 371 References 371 17 Passive and Active Thermal Technologies: Modeling and Evaluation 375 Craig E. Green, Vivek Sahu, Yuanchen Hu, Yogendra K. Joshi, and Andrei G. Fedorov 17.1 Introduction 375 17.2 Integrated Background Heat Sink Approaches 376 17.3 Solid-State Cooling 384 17.4 Passive Cooling: Phase Change Material Regeneration Concerns 393 References 409 18 Thermal Modeling and Model Validation for 3D Stacked ICs 413 Herman Oprins, Federica Maggioni, Vladimir Cherman, Geert Van der Plas, and Eric Beyne 18.1 Introduction 413 18.2 Modeling Methods for the Thermal Analysis of 3D Integrated Structures 413 18.3 3D Stacked Thermal Test Vehicles 421 18.4 Experimental Validation of Thermal Models for 3D-ICs 425 18.5 Inter-die Thermal Resistance 428 References 430 19 On the Thermal Management of 3D-ICs: From Backside to Volumetric Heat Removal 433 Thomas Brunschwiler, Gerd Schlottig, Chin L. Ong, Brian Burg, and Arvind Sridhar 19.1 Introduction: Density Scaling Drives Compute Performance and Efficiency 433 19.2 Thermal Management Landscape for 3D-ICs 434 19.3 Advances on Thermal Interfaces: Percolating Thermal Under fills 437 19.4 Single-Phase Interlayer Cooling: Design Rules toward Extreme 3D 438 19.5 Applicability of Two-Phase Cooling for 3D-ICs 443 19.6 Compact Thermal Modeling Framework 448 19.7 Consequence of Fluid Presence for the Package Topology 449 19.8 Thermal Laminates Enabling Dual-Side Cooling and Electrical Interconnects 453 Interconnects 455 References 456 Index 461