MASTER MODERN MEDICINE! Introducing the Landmark Twentieth Edition of the Global Icon of Internal MedicineThe definitive guide to internal medicine is more essential than ever with the latest in disease mechanisms, updated clinical trial results and recommended guidelines, state-of-the art radiographic images, therapeutic approaches and specific treatments, hundreds of demonstrative full-color drawings, and practical clinical decision trees and algorithms Recognized by healthcare professionals worldwide as the leading authority on applied pathophysiology and clinical medicine, Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine gives you the informational foundation you need to provide the best patient care possible. Essential for practice and education, the landmark 20th Edition features: Thoroughly revised content—covering the many new breakthroughs and advances in clinical medicine that have occurred since the last edition of Harrison’s. Chapters on acute and chronic hepatitis, management of diabetes, immune-based therapies in cancer, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disease, HIV, and many more, deliver the very latest information on disease mechanisms, diagnostic options, and the specific treatment guidance you need to provide optimal patient care. State-of-the-art coverage of disease mechanisms: Harrison’s focuses on pathophysiology with rigor, and with the goal of linking disease mechanisms to treatments. Improved understanding of how diseases develop and progress not only promotes better decision-making and higher value care, but also makes for fascinating reading and improved retention. Harrison’s summarizes important new basic science developments, such as the role of mitochondria in programmed and necrotic cell death, the immune system’s role in cancer development and treatment, the impact of telomere shortening in the aging and disease processes, and the role of the microbiome in health and disease. Understanding the role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease, the precise mechanisms of immune deficiency in HIV/AIDS, prions and misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases, and obesity as a predisposition to diabetes are just a few examples of how this edition provides essential pathophysiology information for health professionals. All-new sections covering a wide range of new and emerging areas of vital interest to all healthcare professionals. New sections include: Sex and Gender-based Issues in Medicine; Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolic Syndrome; and Consultative Medicine— Plus, a new Part covering cutting-edge topics in research and clinical medicine includes great new chapters on the role of Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Behavioral Strategies to Improve Health, Genomics and Infectious Diseases, Emerging Neuro-Therapeutic Technologies, and Telomere Function in Health and Disease, and Network System Medicine. Important and timely new chapters—such as Promoting Good Health, LGBT Health, Systems of Healthcare, Approach to Medical Consultation, Pharmacogenomics, Antimicrobial Resistance, Worldwide Changes in Patterns of Infectious Diseases, Neuromyelitis Optica, and more—offer the very latest, definitive perspectives on must-know topics in medical education and practice.  Updated clinical guidelines, expert opinions, and treatment approaches from world-renowned editors and authors contribute to the accuracy and immediacy of the text material and present a clear blueprint for optimizing patient outcomes. End-of-chapter suggested readings reinforc

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CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE Part 1: The Profession of Medicine   1 The Practice of Medicine The Editors 2 Promoting Good Health Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, Kathleen M. McKibbin 3 Decision-Making in Clinical Medicine Daniel B. Mark, John B. Wong 4 Screening and Prevention of Disease Katrina A. Armstrong, Gary J. Martin 5 Health Care Systems in Developed Countries Richard B. Saltman 6 The Safety and Quality of Health Care David W. Bates 7 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care Joseph R. Betancourt, Alexander R. Green 8 Ethical Issues in Clinical Medicine Bernard Lo, Christine Grady 9 Palliative and End-of-Life Care Ezekiel J. Emanuel   Part 2: Cardinal Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases   Section 1: Pain   10 Pain: Pathophysiology and Management James P. Rathmell, Howard L. Fields 11 Chest Discomfort David A. Morrow 12 Abdominal Pain Danny O. Jacobs 13 Headache Peter J. Goadsby 14 Back and Neck Pain John W. Engstrom   Section 2: Alterations in Body Temperature   15 Fever Charles A. Dinarello, Reuven Porat 16 Fever and Rash Elaine T. Kaye, Kenneth M. Kaye 17 Fever of Unknown Origin Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers, Jos W. M. van der Meer   Section 3: Nervous System Dysfunction   18 Syncope Roy Freeman 19 Dizziness and Vertigo Mark F. Walker, Robert B. Daroff 20 Fatigue Jeffrey M. Gelfand, Vanja C. Douglas 21 Neurologic Causes of  Weakness and Paralysis Michael J. Aminoff 22 Numbness, Tingling, and Sensory Loss Michael J. Aminoff 23 Gait Disorders, Imbalance and Falls Jessica M. Baker, Lewis R. Sudarsky 24 Confusion and Delirium S. Andrew Josephson, Bruce L. Miller 25 Dementia William W. Seeley, Bruce L. Miller 26 Aphasia, Memory Loss, Hemispatial Neglect, Frontal Syndromes and Other Cerebral Disorders M.-Marsel Mesulam 27 Sleep Disorders Thomas E. Scammell, Clifford B. Saper, Charles A. Czeisler   Section 4: Disorders of Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat   28 Disorders of the Eye Jonathan C. Horton 29 Disorders of Smell and Taste Richard L. Doty, Steven M. Bromley 30 Disorders of Hearing Anil K. Lalwani 31 Sore Throat, Earache, and Upper Respiratory Symptoms Michael A. Rubin, Larry C. Ford, Ralph Gonzales 32 Oral Manifestations of Disease Samuel C. Durso   Section 5: Alterations in Circulatory and Respiratory Functions   33 Dyspnea Rebecca M. Baron 34 Cough  Christopher H. Fanta 35 Hemoptysis Anna K. Brady, Patricia A. Kritek 36 Hypoxia and Cyanosis Joseph Loscalzo 37 Edema Eugene Braunwald, Joseph Loscalzo 38 Approach to the Patient with a Heart Murmur Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 39 Palpitations Joseph Loscalzo   Section 6: Alterations in Gastrointestinal Function   40 Dysphagia Ikuo Hirano, Peter J. Kahrilas 41 Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion William L. Hasler 42 Diarrhea and Constipation Michael Camilleri, Joseph A. Murray 43 Unintentional Weight Loss J. Larry Jameson 44 Gastrointestinal Bleeding Loren Laine 45 Jaundice Savio John, Daniel S. Pratt 46 Abdominal Swelling and Ascites Kathleen E. Corey, Lawrence S. Friedman   Section 7: Alterations in Renal and Urinary Tract Function   47 Dysuria, Bladder Pain, and the Interstitial Cystitis/ Bladder Pain Syndrome John W. Warren 48 Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities David B. Mount 49 Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances David B. Mount 50 Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia Sundeep Khosla 51 Acidosis and Alkalosis Thomas D. DuBose, Jr.   Section 8: Alterations in the Skin   52 Approach to the Patient with a Skin Disorder Kim B. Yancey, Thomas J. Lawley 53 Eczema, Psoriasis, Cutaneous Infections, Acne, and Other Common Skin Disorders Leslie P. Lawley, Calvin O. McCall, Thomas J. Lawley 54 Skin Manifestations of Internal Disease Jean L. Bolognia, Irwin M. Braverman 55 Immunologically Mediated Skin Diseases Kim B. Yancey, Thomas J. Lawley 56 Cutaneous Drug Reactions Robert G. Micheletti, Misha Rosenbach, Bruce U. Wintroub, Kanade Shinkai 57 Photosensitivity and Other Reactions to Light Alexander G. Marneros, David R. Bickers   Section 9: Hematologic Alterations   58 Interpreting Peripheral Blood Smears  Dan L. Longo 59 Anemia and Polycythemia John W. Adamson, Dan L. Longo 60 Disorders of Granulocytes and Monocytes Steven M. Holland, John I. Gallin 61 Bleeding and Thrombosis Barbara A. Konkle 62 Enlargement of Lymph Nodes and Spleen Dan L. Longo   Part 3: Pharmacology   63 Principles of Clinical Pharmacology Dan M. Roden 64 Pharmacogenomics Dan M. Roden   Part 4: Oncology and Hematology   Section 1: Neoplastic Disorders   65 Approach to the Patient with Cancer Dan L. Longo 66 Prevention and Early Detection of  Cancer Jennifer M. Croswell, Otis W. Brawley, Barnett S. Kramer 67 Cancer Genetics Fred Bunz, Bert Vogelstein 68 Cancer Cell Biology Jeffrey W. Clark, Dan L. Longo 69 Principles of Cancer Treatment Edward A. Sausville, Dan L. Longo 70 Infections in Patients with Cancer Robert W. Finberg 71 Oncologic Emergencies Rasim Gucalp, Janice P. Dutcher 72 Cancer of the Skin Brendan D. Curti, Sancy Leachman, Walter J. Urba  73 Head and Neck Cancer Everett E. Vokes 74 Neoplasms of the Lung Leora Horn, Christine M. Lovly 75 Breast Cancer Daniel F. Hayes, Marc E. Lippman 76 Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers Robert J. Mayer 77 Lower Gastrointestinal Cancers Robert J. Mayer 78 Tumors of the Liver and Biliary Tree Josep M. Llovet 79 Pancreatic Cancer Daniel D. Von Hoff 80 Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Pancreas Robert T. Jensen 81 Renal Cell Carcinoma Robert J. Motzer 82 Cancer of the Bladder and Urinary Tract Noah M. Hahn 83 Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Prostate Howard I. Scher, James A. Eastham 84 Testicular Cancer David J. Vaughn 85 Gynecologic Malignancies David Spriggs 86 Primary and Metastatic Tumors of the Nervous System Lisa M. DeAngelis, Patrick Y. Wen 87 Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcomas and Bone Metastases Shreyaskumar R. Patel 88 Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Gauri R. Varadhachary, James L. Abbruzzese 89 Paraneoplastic Syndromes: Endocrinologic/Hematologic J. Larry Jameson, Dan L. Longo 90 Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis Josep Dalmau, Myrna R. Rosenfeld 91 Late Consequences of Cancer and Its Treatment Carl E. Freter, Dan L. Longo   Section 2: Hematopoietic Disorders   92 Hematopoietic Stem Cells David T. Scadden, Dan L. Longo 93 Iron Deficiency and Other Hypoproliferative Anemias John W. Adamson 94 Disorders of Hemoglobin Edward J. Benz, Jr. 95 Megaloblastic Anemias A. Victor Hoffbrand 96 Hemolytic Anemias  Lucio Luzzatto 97 Anemia Due to Acute Blood Loss Dan L. Longo 98 Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Including Aplastic Anemia and Myelodysplasia Neal S. Young 99 Polycythemia Vera and Other Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Jerry L. Spivak 100 Acute Myeloid Leukemia William Blum, Clara D. Bloomfield 101 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Hagop Kantarjian, Jorge Cortes 102 Acute Lymphoid Leukemia Dieter Hoelzer  103 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Jennifer A. Woyach, John C. Byrd 104 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Caron A. Jacobson, Dan L. Longo 105 Hodgkin's Lymphoma  Caron A. Jacobson, Dan L. Longo 106 Less Common Hematologic Malignancies Ayalew Tefferi, Dan L. Longo 107 Plasma Cell Disorders Nikhil C. Munshi, Dan L. Longo, Kenneth C. Anderson 108 Amyloidosis John L. Berk, Vaishali Sanchorawala  109 Transfusion Biology and Therapy Jeffery S. Dzieczkowski, Pierre Tiberghien, Kenneth C. Anderson 110 Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Frederick R. Appelbaum   Section 3: Disorders of Hemostasis   111 Disorders of Platelets and Vessel Wall Barbara A. Konkle 112 Coagulation Disorders Valder R. Arruda, Katherine A. High 113 Arterial and Venous Thrombosis Jane E. Freedman, Joseph Loscalzo 114 Antiplatelet, Anticoagulant, and Fibrinolytic Drugs Jeffrey I. Weitz   Part 5: Infectious Diseases   Section 1: Basic Considerations in Infectious Diseases   11 5 Approach to the Patient with an Infectious Disease Neeraj K. Surana, Dennis L. Kasper 116 Molecular Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis Gerald B. Pier 117 Approach to the Acutely Ill Infected Febrile Patient Tamar F. Barlam, Dennis L. Kasper 118 Immunization Principles and Vaccine Use Nancy Messonnier, Anne Schuchat, Lisa A. Jackson 119 Health Recommendations for International Travel Jay S. Keystone, Phyllis E. Kozarsky 120 Climate Change and Infectious Disease Aaron S. Bernstein   Section 2: Clinical Syndromes: Community-Acquired Infections   121 Pneumonia Lionel A. Mandell, Richard G. Wunderink 122 Lung Abscess Rebecca M. Baron, Miriam Baron Barshak 123 Infective Endocarditis Adolf W. Karchmer 124 Infections of the Skin, Muscles, and Soft Tissues Dennis L. Stevens 125 Infectious Arthritis Lawrence C. Madoff 126 Osteomyelitis Werner Zimmerli 127 Intraabdominal Infections and Abscesses Miriam Baron Barshak, Dennis L. Kasper 128 Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases and Bacterial Food Poisoning Richelle C. Charles, Stephen B. Calderwood, Regina C. LaRocque 129 Clostridium difficile Infection, Including Pseudomembranous Colitis Dale N. Gerding, Stuart Johnson 130 Urinary Tract Infections, Pyelonephritis, and Prostatitis Kalpana Gupta, Barbara W. Trautner 131 Sexually Transmitted Infections: Overview and Clinical Approach Jeanne M. Marrazzo, King K. Holmes 132 Encephalitis Karen L. Roos, Kenneth L. Tyler 133 Acute Meningitis Karen L. Roos, Kenneth L. Tyler 134 Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis Walter J. Koroshetz, Michael R. Wilson, Avindra Nath 135 Brain Abscess and Empyema Karen L. Roos, Kenneth L. Tyler 136 Infectious Complications of Bites Sandeep S. Jubbal, Florencia Pereyra, Lawrence C. Madoff   Section 3: Clinical Syndromes: Health Care-Associated Infections   137 Infections Acquired in Health Care Facilities Robert A. Weinstein 138 Infections in Transplant Recipients Robert W. Finberg, Joyce D. Fingeroth   Section 4: Therapy for Bacterial Diseases   139 Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections David C. Hooper, Erica S. Shenoy, Christy A. Varughese 140 Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents David C. Hooper   Section 5: Diseases Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria   141 Pneumococcal Infections David Goldblatt, Katherine L. O’Brien 142 Staphylococcal Infections Franklin D. Lowy 143 Streptococcal Infections Michael R. Wessels 144 Enterococcal Infections Cesar A. Arias, Barbara E. Murray 145 Diphtheria and Other Corynebacterial Infections William R. Bishai, John R. Murphy 146 Listeria monocytogenes Infections Elizabeth L. Hohmann, Daniel A. Portnoy 147 Tetanus C. Louise Thwaites, Lam Minh Yen 148 Botulism Agam K. Rao, Susan Maslanka 149 Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridial Infections Amy E. Bryant, Dennis L. Stevens   Section 6: Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria   150 Meningococcal Infections Andrew J. Pollard  151 Gonococcal Infections Sanjay Ram, Peter A. Rice 152 Haemophilus and Moraxella Infections Timothy F. Murphy 153 Infections Due to the HACEK Group and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacteria Tamar F. Barlam, Dennis L. Kasper 154 Legionella Infections Victor L. Yu, M. Luisa Pedro-Botet, Yusen E. Lin 155 Pertussis and Other Bordetella Infections Karina A. Top, Scott A. Halperin 156 Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Enteric Bacilli Thomas A. Russo, James R. Johnson 157 Acinetobacter Infections Rossana Rosa, L. Silvia Munoz-Price 158 Helicobacter pylori Infections John C. Atherton, Martin J. Blaser 159 Infections Due to Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas Species Reuben Ramphal 160 Salmonellosis David A. Pegues, Samuel I. Miller 161 Shigellosis Philippe J. Sansonetti, Jean Bergounioux 162 Infections Due to Campylobacter and Related Organisms Beth D. Kirkpatrick, Martin J. Blaser 163 Cholera and Other Vibrioses Matthew K. Waldor, Edward T. Ryan  164 Brucellosis Nicholas J. Beeching 165 Tularemia Jeannine M. Petersen, Paul S. Mead 166 Plague and Other Yersinia Infections Michael B. Prentice 167 Bartonella Infections, Including Cat-Scratch Disease Michael Giladi, Moshe Ephros 168 Donovanosis Nigel O’Farrell   Section 7: Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections   169 Nocardiosis Gregory A. Filice 170 Actinomycosis  Thomas A. Russo 171 Whipple’s Disease Thomas A. Russo 172 Infections Due to Mixed Anaerobic Organisms Neeraj K. Surana, Dennis L. Kasper   Section 8: Mycobacterial Diseases   173 Tuberculosis Mario C. Raviglione 174 Leprosy Robert H. Gelber 175 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections Steven M. Holland 176 Antimycobacterial Agents Divya Reddy, Max R. O’Donnell   Section 9: Spirochetal Diseases   177 Syphilis Sheila A. Lukehart 178 Endemic Treponematoses Sheila A. Lukehart 179 Leptospirosis Jiři F. P. Wagenaar, Marga G. A. Goris 180 Relapsing Fever Alan G. Barbour 181 Lyme Borreliosis Allen C. Steere   Section 10: Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae, Mycoplasmas, and Chlamydiae   182 Rickettsial Diseases David H. Walker, J. Stephen Dumler, Lucas S. Blanton, Thomas J. Marrie 183 Infections Due to Mycoplasmas R. Doug Hardy 184 Chlamydial Infections Charlotte A. Gaydos, Thomas C. Quinn   Section 11: Viral Diseases: General Considerations   185 Medical Virology Fred Wang, Elliott Kieff 186 Antiviral Chemotherapy, Excluding Antiretroviral Drugs Lindsey R. Baden   Section 12: Infections Due to DNA Viruses   187 Herpes Simplex Virus Infections Lawrence Corey 188 Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections Richard J. Whitley 189 Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Including Infectious Mononucleosis Jeffrey I. Cohen 190 Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus Types 6, 7, and 8 Camille Nelson Kotton, Martin S. Hirsch 191 Molluscum Contagiosum, Monkeypox, and Other Poxvirus Infections Fred Wang 192 Parvovirus Infections Kevin E. Brown 193 Human Papillomavirus Infections Darron R. Brown, Aaron Ermel   Section 13: Infections Due to DNA and RNA Respiratory Viruses   194 Common Viral Respiratory Infections  James E. Crowe, Jr. 195 Influenza Peter F. Wright   Section 14: Infections Due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Human Retroviruses   196 The Human Retroviruses Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci 197 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease: AIDS and Related Disorders Anthony S. Fauci, Gregory K. Folkers, H. Clifford Lane   Section 15: Infections Due to RNA Viruses   198 Viral Gastroenteritis Umesh D. Parashar, Roger I. Glass 199 Enterovirus, Parechovirus, and Reovirus Infections Jeffrey I. Cohen 200 Measles (Rubeola) Kaitlin Rainwater-Lovett, William J. Moss 201 Rubella (German Measles) Laura A. Zimmerman, Susan E. Reef 202 Mumps Steven A. Rubin 203 Rabies and Other Rhabdovirus Infections Alan C. Jackson 204 Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Virus Infections Jens H. Kuhn, Rémi N. Charrel 205 Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections Jens H. Kuhn   Section 16: Fungal Infections   206 Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal Infections John E. Edwards, Jr.  207 Histoplasmosis Chadi A. Hage, L. Joseph Wheat 208 Coccidioidomycosis Neil M. Ampel 209 Blastomycosis S. Travis King, Rathel L. Nolan, III  210 Cryptococcosis Arturo Casadevall 211 Candidiasis John E. Edwards, Jr. 212 Aspergillosis David W. Denning 213 Mucormycosis Brad Spellberg, Ashraf S. Ibrahim 214 Superficial Mycoses and Less Common Systemic Mycoses Carol A. Kauffman 215 Pneumocystis Infections Alison Morris, Henry Masur   Section 17: Protozoal and Helminthic Infections: General Considerations   216 Introduction to Parasitic Infections  Sharon L. Reed, Charles E. Davis 217 Agents Used to Treat Parasitic Infections Thomas A. Moore   Section 18: Protozoal Infections   218 Amebiasis and Infection with Free-Living Amebae Rosa M. Andrade, Sharon L. Reed 219 Malaria Nicholas J. White, Elizabeth A. Ashley 220 Babesiosis Edouard Vannier, Peter J. Krause 221 Leishmaniasis Shyam Sundar 222 Chagas Disease and African Trypanosomiasis François Chappuis, Yves Jackson 223 Toxoplasma Infections Kami Kim 224 Prot ozoal Intestinal Infections and Trichomoniasis Peter F. Weller   Section 19: Helminthic Infections   225 Introduction to Helminthic Infections Peter F. Weller 226 Trichinellosis and Other Tissue Nematode Infections Peter F. Weller 227 Intestinal Nematode Infections Peter F. Weller, Thomas B. Nutman 228 Filarial and Related Infections Thomas B. Nutman, Peter F. Weller 229 Schistosomiasis and Other Trematode Infections Birgitte Jyding Vennervald 230 Cestode Infections A. Clinton White, Jr., Peter F. Weller   Part 6: Disorders of the Cardiovascular System   Section 1: Introduction to Cardiovascular Disorders   231 Approach to the Patient with Possible Cardiovascular Disease Joseph Loscalzo 232 Basic Biology of the Cardiovascular System Joseph Loscalzo, Peter Libby, Calum A. MacRae 233 Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease Thomas A. Gaziano, J. Michael Gaziano   Section 2: Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disorders   234 Physical Examination of the Cardiovascular System Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 235 Electrocardiography Ary L. Goldberger 236 Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging: Echocardiography, Nuclear Cardiology, and Magnetic Resonance/Computed Tomography Imaging Marcelo F. Di Carli, Raymond Y. Kwong, Scott D. Solomon  237 Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography Jane A. Leopold, David P. Faxon   Section 3: Disorders of Rhythm   238 Principles of Electrophysiology David D. Spragg, Gordon F. Tomaselli 239 The Bradyarrhythmias: Disorders of the Sinoatrial Node David D. Spragg, Gordon F. Tomaselli 240 The Bradyarrhythmias: Disorders of the Atrioventricular Node David D. Spragg, Gordon F. Tomaselli 241 Approach to Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson 242 Physiologic and Non-physiologic Sinus Tachycardia  Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson 243 Focal Atrial Tachycardia  Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson 244 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardias Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson 245 Common Atrial Flutter, Macroreentrant and Multifocal Atrial Tachycardias Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson 246 Atrial Fibrillation Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson 247 Approach to Ventricular Arrhythmias  Roy M. John, William G. Stevenson 248 Premature Ventricular Beats, Non-sustained Ventricular Tachycardia, and Idioventricular Rhythm  Roy M. John, William G. Stevenson 249 Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia  William G. Stevenson, Roy M. John 250 Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation William G. Stevenson, Roy M. John 251 Electrical Storm and Incessant VT William G. Stevenson, Roy M. John   Section 4: Disorders of the Heart   252 Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis Douglas L. Mann, Murali Chakinala 253 Heart Failure: Management Mandeep R. Mehra  254 Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis Neal K. Lakdawala, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Joseph Loscalzo 255 Cardiac Transplantation and Prolonged Assisted Circulation  Mandeep R. Mehra 256 Aortic Valve  Disease Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 257 Aortic Regurgitation  Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 258 Mitral Stenosis Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 259 Mitral Regurgitation Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 260 Mitral Valve Prolapse Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 261 Tricuspid Valve Disease Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 262 Pulmonic Valve Disease Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 263 Multiple and Mixed Valvular Heart Disease Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 264 Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult Anne Marie Valente, Michael J. Landzberg 265 Pericardial Disease Eugene Braunwald 266 Atrial Myxoma and Other Cardiac Tumors Eric H. Awtry   Section 5: Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease   267 Ischemic Heart Disease Elliott Antman, Joseph Loscalzo 268 Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina) Robert P. Giugliano, Christopher P. Cannon, Eugene Braunwald 269 ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Elliott M. Antman, Joseph Loscalzo 270 Percutaneous Coronary Interventions and Other Interventional Procedures David P. Faxon, Deepak L. Bhatt 271 Hypertensive Vascular Disease Theodore A. Kotchen 272 Renovascular Disease Stephen C. Textor 273 Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism Samuel Z. Goldhaber 274 Diseases of the Aorta Mark A. Creager, Joseph Loscalzo 275 Arterial Diseases of the Extremities Mark A. Creager, Joseph Loscalzo 276 Chronic Venous Disease and Lymphedema  Mark A. Creager, Joseph Loscalzo 277 Pulmonary Hypertension Aaron B. Waxman, Joseph Loscalzo   Part 7: Disorders of the Respiratory System   Section 1: Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders   278 Approach to the Patient with Disease of the Respiratory System Patricia A. Kritek, Bruce D. Levy 279 Disturbances of Respiratory Function Edward T. Naureckas, Julian Solway  280 Diagnostic Procedures in Respiratory Disease Anne L. Fuhlbrigge, Augustine M.K. Choi    Section 2: Diseases of the Respiratory System   281 Asthma Peter J. Barnes 282 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia Praveen Akuthota, Michael E. Wechsler 283 Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease John R. Balmes 284 Bronchiectasis Rebecca M. Baron, Miriam Baron Barshak 285 Cystic Fibrosis Eric J. Sorscher 286 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Edwin K. Silverman, James D. Crapo, Barry Make 287 Interstitial Lung Disease Gary M. Hunninghake, Ivan O. Rosas 288 Disorders of the Pleura Richard W. Light 289 Disorders of the Mediastinum Richard W. Light 290 Disorders of Ventilation  John F. McConville, Julian Solway, Babak Mokhlesi  291 Sleep Apnea Andrew Wellman, Susan Redline 292 Lung Transplantation Elbert P. Trulock, III   Part 8: Critical Care Medicine   Section 1: Respiratory Critical Care   293 Approach to the Patient with Critical Illness John P. Kress, Jesse B. Hall 294 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Rebecca M. Baron, Bruce D. Levy 295 Mechanical Ventilatory Support Bartolome R. Celli   Section 2: Shock and Cardiac Arrest   296 Approach to the Patient with Shock Anthony F. Massaro 297 Sepsis and Septic Shock Christopher W. Seymour, Derek C. Angus 298 Cardiogenic Shock and Pulmonary Edema David H. Ingbar, Holger Thiele 299 Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death  Christine M. Albert, William G. Stevenson    Section 3: Neurologic Critical Care   300 Coma S. Andrew Josephson, Allan H. Ropper, Stephen L. Hauser  301 Severe Acute Encephalopathies and Critical Care Weakness J. Claude Hemphill, III, Wade S. Smith, S. Andrew Josephson, Daryl R. Gress 302 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage J. Claude Hemphill, III, Wade S. Smith, Daryl R. Gress   Part 9: Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary Tract   303 Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney Alfred L. George, Jr., Eric G. Neilson 304 Acute Kidney Injury Sushrut S. Waikar, Joseph V. Bonventre 305 Chronic Kidney Disease  Joanne M. Bargman, Karl L. Skorecki 306 Dialysis in the Treatment of Renal Failure Kathleen D. Liu, Glenn M. Chertow 307 Transplantation in the Treatment of Renal Failure Jamil Azzi, Edgar L. Milford, Mohamed H. Sayegh, Anil Chandraker  308 Glomerular Diseases Julia B. Lewis, Eric G. Neilson 309 Polycystic Kidney Disease and Other Inherited Disorders of Tubule Growth and Development Jing Zhou, Martin R.  Pollak 310 Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney Laurence H. Beck, Jr., David J. Salant 311 Vascular Injury to the Kidney Ronald S. Go, Nelson Leung 312 Nephrolithiasis Gary C. Curhan 313 Urinary Tract Obstruction Julian L. Seifter   Part 10: Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System   Section 1: Disorders of the Alimentary Tract   314 Approach to the Patient with Gastrointestinal Disease William L. Hasler, Chung Owyang 315 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Louis Michel Wong Kee Song, Mark Topazian 316 Diseases of the Esophagus Peter J. Kahrilas, Ikuo Hirano 317 Peptic Ulcer Disease and Related Disorders John Del Valle 318 Disorders of Absorption Henry J. Binder 319 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Sonia Friedman, Richard S. Blumberg 320 Irritable Bowel Syndrome Chung Owyang 321 Diverticular Disease and Common Anorectal Disorders Rizwan Ahmed, Susan L. Gearhart 322 Mesenteric Vascular Insufficiency Satinderjit Locham, Mahmoud Malas 323 Acute Intestinal Obstruction Danny O. Jacobs 324 Acute Appendicitis and Peritonitis Danny O. Jacobs   Section 2: Nutrition    325 Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Assessment Johanna Dwyer 326 Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess Paolo M. Suter, Robert M. Russell 327 Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment  Gordon L. Jensen 328 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition L. John Hoffer, Bruce R. Bistrian, David F. Driscoll   Section 3: Liver and Biliary Tract Disease   329 Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease Marc G. Ghany, Jay H. Hoofnagle  330 Evaluation of Liver Function Daniel S. Pratt 331 The Hyperbilirubinemias Allan W. Wolkoff 332 Acute Viral Hepatitis Jules L. Dienstag 333 Toxic and Drug-Induced Hepatitis William M. Lee, Jules L. Dienstag 334 Chronic Hepatitis Jules L. Dienstag 335 Alcoholic Liver Disease Mark E. Mailliard, Michael F. Sorrell 336 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Manal F. Abdelmalek, Anna Mae Diehl 337 Cirrhosis and Its Complications Bruce R. Bacon 338 Liver Transplantation Raymond T. Chung, Jules L. Dienstag 339 Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts Norton J. Greenberger, Gustav Paumgartner   Section 4: Disorders of the Pancreas   340 Approach to the Patient with Pancreatic Disease Darwin L. Conwell, Norton J. Greenberger, Peter A. Banks 341 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Darwin L. Co