Freshly updated for this second edition with considerable new material, this authoritative introduction to the history of Christian theology covers its development from the beginnings of the Patristic period just decades after Jesus's ministry, through to contemporary theological trends. A substantially updated new edition of this popular textbook exploring the entire history of Christian thought, written by the bestselling author and internationally-renowned theologian Features additional coverage of orthodox theology, the Holy Spirit, and medieval mysticism, alongside new sections on liberation, feminist, and Latino theologies, and on the global spread of Christianity Accessibly structured into four sections covering the Patristic period, the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the reformation and post-reformation eras, and the modern period spanning 1750 to the present day, addressing the key issues and people in each Includes case studies and primary readings at the end of each section, alongside comprehensive glossaries of key theologians, developments, and terminology Supported by additional resources available on publication at www.wiley.com/go/mcgrath

Table of Contents:
How to Use this Book xii Introduction 1 The Concept of “Theology”: A Brief Introduction 1 The Architecture of Theology 4 Biblical studies 5 Systematic theology 6 Philosophical theology 7 Pastoral theology 7 Church history 8 Historical Theology: Its Purpose and Place 8 The development of historical theology 9 Historical theology as a pedagogic tool 11 Historical theology as a critical tool 12 Historical theology as a resource for systematic theology 14 1 The Patristic Period, c.100–451 16 A Clarification of Terms 17 Difficulties in Approaching Patristic Theology 17 The Historical Background to Patristic Theology 18 The historical importance of the city of Rome 19 The problem of persecution 19 The conversion of Constantine 20 The development of public theological debate 21 Centers of Theological Reflection 22 Key Theologians 22 Justin Martyr 22 Irenaeus of Lyons 24 Origen 24 Tertullian 24 Athanasius 25 Augustine of Hippo 25 Key Theological Developments 26 The relation of Christian faith and classical culture 26 The extent of the New Testament canon 27 The role of tradition 28 The fixing of the ecumenical creeds 29 The two natures of Jesus Christ 30 The doctrine of the Trinity 32 The doctrine of the church 32 The doctrine of grace 33 Key Names, Words, and Phrases 35 Questions 35 Case Studies 36 1.1 The Bible and tradition 36 1.2 The Arian controversy: The divinity of Christ 41 1.3 The Alexandrian Christological school: The Apollinarian controversy 46 1.4 The Antiochene Christological school: The Nestorian controversy 49 1.5 The Trinity: Early developments and controversies 53 1.6 The church: The Donatist controversy 62 1.7 Grace: The Pelagian controversy 67 1.8 Faith and philosophy 73 2 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, c.500–1500 77 On Defining the “Middle Ages” 78 Medieval Theological Landmarks in Western Europe 80 The Carolingian renaissance 80 The rise of cathedral and monastic schools of theology 80 The religious orders and their “schools of theology” 82 The founding of the universities 82 Peter Lombard ’ s Four Books of the Sentences 83 The Rise of Scholasticism 84 The Italian Renaissance 84 The Rise of Humanism 85 Medieval Theological Landmarks in Eastern Europe 86 The emergence of Byzantine theology 87 The iconoclastic controversy 87 The hesychastic controversy 87 The fall of Constantinople (1453) 88 Key Theologians 88 John of Damascus 88 Simeon the New Theologian 89 Anselm of Canterbury 90 Thomas Aquinas 90 Duns Scotus 91 William of Ockham 92 Erasmus of Rotterdam 92 Key Theological Developments 93 The consolidation of the patristic heritage 93 The exploration of the role of reason in theology 94 The development of theological systems 95 The development of sacramental theology 95 The development of the theology of grace 95 The role of Mary in the scheme of salvation 96 Returning directly to the sources of Christian theology 96 The critique of the Vulgate translation of Scripture 97 Key Names, Words, and Phrases 98 Questions 98 Case Studies 98 2.1 Arguments for the existence of God 98 2.2 Understandings of the atonement 104 2.3 The theology of the sacraments 109 2.4 The interpretation of the Bible 112 2.5 Renaissance humanism and the Bible 115 2.6 Augustinianism and Pelagianism in late medieval theology 118 3 The Reformation and Post-Reformation Periods, 1500–1750 124 Reformation – or Reformations? 125 A Clarification of Terms 126 The German Reformation – Lutheranism 127 The Swiss Reformation – the Reformed church 128 The radical Reformation – Anabaptism 129 The English Reformation – Anglicanism 129 The Catholic Reformation 130 Protestant Orthodoxy 131 Post-Reformation Movements 133 The consolidation of Catholicism 133 Puritanism 134 Pietism 135 Key Theologians 136 Martin Luther 136 Huldrych Zwingli 137 John Calvin 137 Teresa of Avilà 138 Teodore Beza 138 Johann Gerhard 138 Roberto Bellarmine 139 Jonathan Edwards 139 Key Theological Developments 139 The sources of theology 140 The doctrine of grace 140 The doctrine of the sacraments 141 The doctrine of the church 141 Developments in Theological Literature 141 Catechisms 142 Confessions of faith 143 Works of systematic theology 144 Key Names, Words, and Phrases 146 Questions 146 Case Studies 146 3.1 Bible and tradition in the Reformation debates 146 3.2 Justification by faith: Protestantism and the Council of Trent 154 3.3 The nature of the real presence: Luther, Zwingli, and the Council of Trent 164 3.4 The debate over infant baptism 167 3.5 The doctrine of the church: Trends within Protestantism 171 3.6 Theology and astronomy: The Copernican and Galileian debates 177 4 The Modern Period, 1750 to the Present Day 182 A Cultural Watershed: The Enlightenment 184 The Enlightenment Critique of Christian Theology 184 The notion of revelation 185 The status and interpretation of the Bible 185 The identity and significance of Jesus Christ 185 The doctrine of the Trinity 186 The critique of miracles 186 The rejection of original sin 187 The problem of evil 187 Romanticism and the Critique of the Enlightenment 187 The Crisis of Faith in Victorian England 189 Postmodernism and a New Theological Agenda 190 Key Theologians 192 F. D. E. Schleiermacher 193 John Henry Newman 193 Karl Barth 193 Paul Tillich 194 Karl Rahner 194 Hans Urs von Balthasar 194 Jürgen Moltmann 195 Wolfh art Pannenberg 195 Some Recent Western Theological Movements and Trends 195 Liberal Protestantism 196 Modernism 198 Neo-orthodoxy 199 Ressourcement , or, la nouvelle théologie 201 Feminism 202 Liberation theology 204 Black theology 206 Postliberalism 207 Radical orthodoxy 209 Key Names, Words, and Phrases 209 Questions 210 Case Studies 210 4.1 The quests of the historical Jesus 210 4.2 The basis and nature of salvation 221 4.3 The debate over the Resurrection 233 4.4 The Trinity in twentieth-century thought 239 4.5 Twentieth-century discussions of the doctrine of the church 245 4.6 Natural theology and the rationality of faith 252 4.7 The feminist critique of traditional Christian theology 256 4.8 Christian approaches to other religions 259 Where Next? 269 Details of Theologians 271 A Glossary of Theological Terms 276 For Further Reading 288 Sources of Citations 292 Index 297