The once-lost introduction to the philosophy of science by Philipp Frank (1884-1966), a leading member of the Vienna circle of philosophers and biographer of Albert Einstein. Philipp Frank (1884–1966) was an influential philosopher of science, public intellectual, and Harvard educator whose last book, The Humanistic Background of Science, is finally available. Never published in his lifetime, this original manuscript has been edited and introduced to highlight Frank's remarkable but little-known insights about the nature of modern science-insights that rival those of Karl Popper and Frank's colleagues Thomas Kuhn and James Bryant Conant. As a leading exponent of logical empiricism and a member of the famous Vienna Circle, Frank intended his book to provide an accessible, engaging introduction to the philosophy of science and its cultural significance. The book is steadfastly true to science; to aspirations of peace, unity, and human flourishing after World War II; and to the pragmatic philosophies of Charles S. Peirce, William James, and John Dewey that Frank embraced in his new American home. Amidst the many recent surveys and retrospective analyses of midcentury philosophy of science, The Humanistic Background of Science offers an original, first-hand view of Frank's post-European life and of intellectual dramas then unfolding in Chicago, New York City, and Boston.

Table of Contents:
List of Illustrations Chronology of Philipp Frank's Life Philipp Frank: A Crusader for Scientific Philosophy Part I Chapter 1. Introduction: Science, Facts, and Values 1. Science and Poetry 2. Charges against the Monopoly of Science 3. Twentieth-Century Science and Philosophy 4. The "Real World" Is Not Describable 5. The Humanities Are Trailing behind the Natural Sciences 6. The "Special Sciences" Don't Exhaust "Science" 7. Semantic and Pragmatic Components of Science 8. Philosophical Schools Woo the Support of Science 9. Principles of Science and Human "Values" Chapter 2. The Longing for a Humanization of Science 1. Dissatisfaction with Nineteenth-Century Science 2. Emerson on the Changing Role of Science 3. Lord Herbert Samuel for Modern Science 4. Dehumanization of Science 5. Soviet Philosophy and Modern Science 6. The Birth of Modern Science Was the Birth of Dissatisfaction 7. Bacon on the Copernican System 8. How Science Has Been "Humanized" 9. Analogies as Humanizing Elements 10. "Humanization," "Metaphysics" and the "Inner Eye" 11. Metaphysics, Common Sense, and the Inner Eye 12. The Nature of Metaphysical Statements 13. The Inner Eye and Intuition Chapter 3. Metaphysical Interpretations of Science 1. The Founder of Pragmatism on Science and Philosophy 2. Peirce's Conception of Philosophy 3. Metaphysics Nearer to Common Sense than Science 4. The Purpose of Metaphysical Interpretation 5. Metaphysics as Science 6. The Laws of Physics and Their Metaphysical Interpretation 7. How Scientists Have Interpreted Their Own Theories Chapter 4. The Sociology of Metaphysical Interpretations 1. Can Science Be "Purged" of Philosophy? 2. Science and Chance Philosophies 3. The Attitudes of Scientists and Authorities 4. The Battle of Worldviews 5. Purging Physics and Metaphysics 6. Science and Reality 7. Max Planck and the Real World 8. Meanings and Examples of "Real" 9. Sociological Role of "Reality" 10. "Reality" in Soviet Philosophy Chapter 5. Philosophy of Science and Political Ideology 1. Sociology of Knowledge 2. The General Sense of Ideology 3. Mannheim, Ideology, and Sociology of Knowledge 4. Forms of Social Influence 5. Facts and Interpretation 6. Sociology of Science 7. Social Class and Social Situation 8. The Solution to the Puzzle Chapter 6. Sociology of Science and the Search for a Democratic Metaphysics 1. Validation and Theory Building 2. Science as a Compromise between Technology and Political Philosophy 3. The Scientific Conscience 4. Philosophical Interpretations and Democracy 5. The Physical and the Socio-cosmic Universe Part II Chapter 7. Scholastic Philosophy and Thomism 1. The Meanings of Rational and Intelligible 2. The Role of Philosophical Schools 3. Science and "Thomism" 4. The Thomistic Theory of Matter 5. The Social Significance of Thomistic Philosophy 6. On Angels and Genuine Laws 7. Thomism and Physical Laws 8. Analogical and Scientific Thinking Chapter 8. The Physical Universe as a Symbol 1. The Moral Universe 2. Physical Science in the Bible 3. The Physical Universe and Human Behavior 4. Scholastic "Scientism" and Modern "Positivism" 5. Shifting the Problem to Revelation 6. Realism and Nominalism 7. The Situation in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Chapter 9. Union, Divorce, and Reunion between Science and Philosophy 1. Science and Philosophy in the British and Soviet Encyclopedias 2. "Truce" through a Naturalization of Science 3. Attempts at a Reunion by a Positive Philosophy 4. The Role of "Sociology" in Positive Philosophy 5. The "Truth" of General Principles in Positive Philosophy 6. The Relative Truth of Theories 7. Positive Philosophy and Marginal Metaphysics 8. Science and Philosophy after the Reunion 9. The Name "Philosophy" as a Challenge Chapter 10. Science, Democracy, and the New Wave of Positivism 1. Science after the French Revolution 2. Positivism in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century (Stallo) 3. Positivism in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century (Mach) 4. The Reception of Mach and Stallo? 5. Conventionalism (Poincaré, Le Roy) 6. Abel Rey and the Bankruptcy of Science 7. Duhem's Accommodation of Positivism and Metaphysics Chapter 11. The Vienna Circle: Moritz Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, and Otto Neurath 1. The Turning Point in Positivism 2. Logical Positivism and the Theory of Correspondence 3. Philosophy as Activity and the Unified Picture 4. Cross-connections among the Sciences 5. Changes in the Science of Meaning 6. The Vienna Circle and the Pragmatics of Metaphysics 7. Cognitive Significance and Scientific Value Chapter 12. Pragmatism 1. Pragmatism (William James, Charles S. Peirce, and John Dewey) 2. Peirce's Pragmatism and Positivism 3. James's Pragmatism and Metaphysics 4. Dewey and Political Interpretations of Science 5. A New Development: Scientific Empiricism 6. The Meaning and Significance of Bridgman's Operationalism 7. Nagel's Contextualistic Naturalism Chapter 13. Mechanistic and Dialectical Materialism 1. Mechanistic Materialism 2. La Mettrie's Materialism 3. Purposiveness in Nature 4. Materialism Refuted? 5. Materialism versus Positivism 6. Soviet Attacks against Positivism 7. The Conversion of Mass and "Star-Spangled" Operationalism Chapter 14. The Laws and Politics of Dialectical Materialism 1. Dialectical versus Mechanistic Materialism 2. Diamat and Philosophy 3. Diamat and Realism 4. The Dialectical Laws 5. Quantitative and Qualitative Changes 6. Social Change and Natural Science Conclusion: Einstein's Philosophy of Science 1. The Positivistic Basis 2. The Metaphysical Basis 3. The Analogical-Religious Basis Notes Bibliography Index