Bristol-Myers Squibb/Mead Johnson Nutrition Symposia, Volume 11: Immunophysiology of the Gut represents a comprehensive and systematic coverage of the immunophysiology of the gut, compiling research that integrates the mucosal immune system and intestinal physiology. This book discusses the immunological regulation of epithelial function, fibroblastic sheath, pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism, and gastric response to mucosal anaphylaxis. The implications for inflammatory diarrhea, role of breast milk in neonatal host defense, and milk-borne peptide growth factors in human and bovine milk are also elaborated. This publication likewise covers the immunopathologic features of celiac disease, immune responses in protein-energy malnutrition, and bacterial translocation. This volume is suitable for experts and clinicians from the disciplines of mucosal immunology, intestinal physiology, and enteric neurophysiology.

Table of Contents:
Contributors Sponsor's Foreword Foreword Preface Part I Immunophysiology of the Gut 1 Immunological Regulation of Epithelial Function I. Introduction II. Discovery—Evidence of Immune Regulation of Epithelial Function III. Integration—"Patterns That Connect" IV. Application—Protection, Reconstruction, Attenuation, and Augmentation of Mucosal Immune Responses References 2 Mesenchymal-Epithelial Interactions: The Subepithelial Fibroblastic Sheath as a Paracrine Modulator of Inflammation-Induced Intestinal Secretion I. Introduction II. The Fibroblastic Sheath III. Methods IV. Results V. Discussion References 3 Immune Regulation of Intestinal Arachidonic Acid Metabolism: Effects on Intestinal Water and Electrolyte Transport I. Introduction II. Pathways of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism III. Immune and Inflammatory Mediators That Stimulate Intestinal Arachidonic Acid Metabolism IV. Cellular Origin of Stimulated Increases in Arachidonic Acid Metabolites V. Cellular Mechanisms for Immune Regulation of Arachidonic Acid Release and Metabolism VI. Mechanisms of Action of Arachidonic Acid Metabolites on Intestinal Secretion VII. Conclusions References 4 Gastrointestinal Anaphylaxis: Effect on Gastric and Intestinal Function I. Introduction II. Animal Model III. The Gastric Response to Mucosal Anaphylaxis IV. Intestinal Response to Acute Anaphylaxis V. Intestinal Response to Chronic Anaphylaxis VI. Summary References 5 Acute and Chronic Control of Colonic Chloride Secretion by Mast Cell Mediators I. Introduction II. Acute Effects of Mast Cell Mediators on T84 Cells III. Chronic Effects of Mast Cell Mediators on T84 Cells IV. Implications for Inflammatory Diarrhea References Part II Lymphokines and Mucosal Immune Function 6 Cytokines and Immune Regulation: An Overview I. Introduction II. The Regulation of IgE and IgG1 Antibody Production III. Cytokine Production by T-Cell Subsets IV. The Regulation of IgA Production V. Conclusions References 7 Antigen-Independent and Antigen-Dependent Development of Mucosal Immunity and Hypersensitivity I. Introduction II. Antigen-Independent Development of the Mucosal Immune System in the Human Fetus III. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Intestinal Mucosa Using Explants of Fetal Gut IV. Activated T Cells in Intestinal Diseases References 8 Interferon-? and Class II Antigen Expression on Enterocytes I. Introduction II. Expression of Class II Antigens on Intestinal Enterocytes References 9 Modeling the Intestinal Crypt Abscess-A Characteristic Lesion of Acute Intestinal Inflammation I. Introduction II. Model Intestinal Epithelium III. Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Transmigration Across T84 Monolayers IV. The Crypt Abscess V. Summary References 10 Role of Lymphokines in Function of Gastrointestinal Mucosal T Cells I. Introduction II. Cell Surface Glycoprotein Expressed by Mucosal T Cells III. Lymphokine Production by Mucosal T Cells in Vitro IV. Lymphokine Utilization by Mucosal T Cells in Vitro V. Immunoregulatory Function of Intestinal T Cells in Vitro VI. Evidence of Lymphokine Production in Response to Specific Antigens VII. T-Cell Lymphokine mRNA Expression in Vivo in Normal and Inflamed Intestinal Mucosa VIII. Implications of Mucosal T-Cell Lymphokine Production References 11 Cytokine Production in the Gastrointestinal Tract During Inflammation I. The Cytokine Network II. Inflammatory and Immunoregulatory Cytokines III. Interleukin 1 IV. Interleukin 2 V. Interleukin 2 Receptor VI. Interferon-? VII. Interleukin 4 VIII. Cytokines in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease References Part III Endocrine Effects on Mucosal Immune Function 12 Neuroimmune Interactions in the Regulation of Mucosal Immunity I. Introduction II. Neuroimmune Regulation III. Mast Cells and Nerves IV. Nerve Growth Factor V. Neuronal Remodeling During Inflammation VI. Summary References 13 Sex Hormone, Glucocorticoid, and Cytokine Regulation of Mucosal Immunity: Hormonal Influences on Antibody Levels and Antigen Presentation in the Female Genital Tract I. Introduction II. Hormonal Regulation of Antibodies in Uterine and Cervicovaginal Secretions III. Effect of Glucocorticoids on Mucosal Immunity IV. Influence of Antigen and Interferon-? on Secretory Component and IgA in the Rat Uterus V. Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Expression and Antigen Presentation by Epithelial and Stromal Cells from the Rat Uterus VI. Conclusions References 14 Enteric Neuroimmune Interactions I. Introduction II. Enteric Neuroimmune Communication III. Responses of Enteric Neurons to Immune Signals IV. Neuronal Behavior in the Sensitized Intestine V. Clinical Implications of Neuroimmune Communication References 15 Neuroimmune Amplification and Inhibition of Mucosal Function I. Introduction II. Methods III. Results and Discussion IV. Conclusions References Part IV Nutrition and Mucosal Host Defense 16 Breast Milk: Role In Neonatal Host Defense I. Introduction II. Qualities and Capacities of Human Milk in Host Defense III. Breast-Feeding of the Neonate in Different Populations IV. The Effects of Breast-Feeding on the Neonate V. Conclusions References 17 Milk-Borne Peptide Growth Factors in Human and Bovine Milk I. Introduction II. Hormonally Active Peptides in Human and Bovine Milk III. Fate of Milk-Borne Growth Factors in the Neonate IV. Conclusions References 18 The Serologic and Mucosal Immunologic Basis of Celiac Disease I. Introduction II. Normal Features of Mucosal Immunity III. Immunopathologic Features of Celiac Disease IV. Putative Immunopathologic Mechanisms in Celiac Disease V. Summary References 19 Food Allergy—Role of Mucosal Immune Regulation and Oral Tolerance: Facts, Fiction, and Hypotheses I. Introduction II. Genetic Influences III. Lumenal Factors Involved in Gastrointestinal Immunoregulation IV. Immunological Consequences of Antigen Presentation to the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues V. The Role of the Enterocyte in Antigen Presentation VI. Regulatory T-Lymphocyte Subsets in the Lamina Propria and Intestinal Epithelium VII. T-Lymphocyte Effectors in Murine Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues After Antigen Exposure VIII. Intestinal Antigen Exposure via Breast Milk IX. Control of IgE Responses X. Oral Antigen Administration in the Neonatal Period and Subsequent Immune Response XI. Antibody Transfer via Breast Milk XII. Possible Clinical Consequences of Breakdown of Mucosal Immunoregulation XIII. Oral Tolerance and Autoimmunity XIV. Conclusion References Part V Effects of Nutritional Factors and the Microenvironment on Mucosal Immune Function 20 Effect of Intestinal Microenvironment on Mucosal Immune Response to Viruses I. Introduction II. Changes in the Natural Environment of the Gut III. Immunological Effects of the Intestinal Microenvironment IV. Conclusion References 21 Nutritional Deficiencies and Intestinal Mucosal Immunity I. Introduction II. Immune Responses in Protein-Energy Malnutrition III. Selected Nutrient Deficiencies IV. Mucosal Immunity V. Practical Significance References 22 Enteric Versus Parenteral Feeding and Mucosal Function I. Introduction II. Bacterial Translocation III. Lumenal Contents IV. Nutritional Factors V. Regulation VI. Summary References Summary, Conclusions, and Future Projections Index