Examining the restitution of cultural property to Indigenous Peoples in human rights law, this book offers a detailed analysis of the opportunities and constraints of international law as a tool of resistance and social transformation for marginalized groups. In accordance with an increasing insistence on respect for diverse cultures, and through their own international mobilization, Indigenous Peoples have participated in the construction of a distinct human rights framework. Significant academic inquiry has focused on the substantive gains made by Indigenous Peoples in this context, along with its impact on a body of law that had previously denied Indigenous Peoples a basis for claims to their own cultural materials and practices. Accordingly, this book acknowledges that Indigenous Peoples, as non-state actors, have generated greater substantive and procedural legitimacy in human rights law making. Offering normative insights into the participation of non-state actors in international law making, however, it also demonstrates that, despite their significant role in constructing the legal framework of human rights in the 21st century, the participation of Indigenous Peoples continues to be structurally limited. With its interdisciplinary approach to the field, this book will appeal to scholars and students in the fields of law, politics, anthropology and indigenous studies.

Table of Contents:
Acknowledgments xi 1 Introductions 1 On Indigenous Cultural Property and Restitution 1 On the Repatriation Debate 3 On Aims and Arguments 4 On Location 8 On Method 9 On Organization 11 2 A Textual Analysis: Article 11 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 18 Introduction 18 I. Situating Indigenous Peoples and Claims for Cultural Property: A Brief History of Indigenous Rights as Human Rights 21 II. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous Cultural Heritage 27 A Distinctive Identity, a Distinctive Space: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 27 The Long and Winding Road to the UNDRIP: A Soft Law Success 28 A Sui Generis Scheme: UNDRIP and Indigenous Cultural Heritage 33 A Tale of Terminology: Cultural Heritage Versus Cultural Property 35 III. A Textual Analysis: Article 11, Indigenous Cultural Property, Redress and the UNDRIP 40 Article 11: A Cultural Right in Cultural Integrity 40 Article 11: An Application 44 IV. The International Legal Framework for the Protection of Cultural Property 54 An Indigenous View: The UNESCO Convention 1970 56 An Indigenous View: The UNIDROIT Convention 1995 60 Conclusions 64 3 A Purposive Analysis: Article 11 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 73 Introduction 73 I. One Step Forward, One Step Back: A Sui Generis Right Gained, a Sui Generis Right Lost 74 A Shadow of a Draft: Article 11 and Its Retrogression 74 Right to Restitution: A Drafting History 75 II. A Sui Generis Right Lost: Human Rights and the Restitution of Cultural Property 82 Article 27: A Cultural Right 83 Article 27: Limits 86 Article 1: The Right to Self-Determination 89 A Minimalist Approach: The Approach of States to Self-Determination 91 A Minimalist Approach and the Application of Self- Determination to Indigenous Peoples: The Beneficiary Debate 91 A Minimalist Approach and the Modality of Self- Determination Available to Indigenous Peoples: External and Internal Self-Determination 93 A Minimalist Approach: Self-Determination Within the UNDRIP 95 A Maximalist Approach: The Approach of Indigenous Peoples to Self-Determination 107 Conclusions 116 4 A Contextual Analysis: Article 11 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 122 Introduction 122 I. The Disruption of Property Rights, Article 11 and the Restitution of Cultural Property 123 Western and Indigenous Conceptions of Property Rights 123 II. Collective Rights, Article 11 and the Restitution of Cultural Property 132 ICCPR Article 27 and Collective Rights 133 The UNDRIP and Collective Rights 136 III. Sovereignty, Article 11 and the Restitution of Cultural Property 140 Sovereignty 140 Article 11 and Sovereignty: Cultural Property and Its Redress 142 Voluntary Restitution of Cultural Property 148 IV. One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: Article 11 and the Disempowerment of Cultural Rights and Temporal Uncertainty 151 Decoupling Restitution and Cultural Integrity: Disempowering Cultural Rights 152 Decoupling Restitution and Cultural Integrity: Temporal Uncertainty 155 Non-retroactivity 156 Legal Status and the Temporal Scope of the Redress of Cultural Property Under International Law 159 Article 11 and Temporal Scope 161 Conclusions: Unintended Consequences and Indigenous Participation in International Law Making 170 5 Discursive Limits: Article 11 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights Law 180 Introduction 180 I. Essentialism as Categorization and Human Rights: Indigenous Identity 182 Essentialism as Categorization: Indigenous Identity and Restitution 185 Essentialism as Categorization: Indigenous Identity and the Restitution of Cultural Property 189 II. Essentialism as Categorization and Human Rights: Indigenous Claims 192 Essentialism as Categorization: Indigenous Claims and the Restitution of Cultural Property 195 III. Essentialism as Reification and Human Rights: Unstrategic and Strategic Approaches 198 Essentialism as Reification and Cultural Property: An Unstrategic Approach 199 Essentialism as Reification and Human Rights: Fixing Identity and Culture 201 Essentialism as Reification and the Restitution of Cultural Property: A Strategic Approach 204 IV. Conclusion: Downsides, Unintended Consequences and the Human Rights Discourse 215 6 Some Conclusions 227 Conclusion 245 Index 249